Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator

Front 1

Explain what determines whether a given plant is a weed.

Back 1

Weeds are unwanted plants (trees, shrubs, vines, or herbaceous plants)

Front 2

List the two main goals of weed management.

Back 2

1. Minimize weed competition

2. Limit weed's reproduction so that weed popu lation can be managed in future years.

Front 3

Distinguish grasses from broadleaf plants and herbaceous from woody plants.

Back 3

Grasses: single seed leaf (monocot) - has narrow leaves with parallel veins and fibrous root systems

Broadleaf: two seed leaves (dicots) opposite each other on stem. Have true leaves with views that form net-like branching and have a tap root.

Front 4

Describe the life cycles and propagation of annual, biennial, and perennial plants.

Back 4

Annuals: live less than 12 months. - Seeds germinate following year, or several years later.

Biennials: live for two growing seasons.- Germinate from spring and overwinter in rosette stage.

Perennials: Live for at least 2 years. - May reproduce by seed, stolons, rhizomes, spreading roots, tubers, or bulbs. - Germinate from bulb and don't flower first year.

Front 5

Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest to do so.

Back 5

Annuals and Biennials: kill the whole shoot. Pulling or mowing flowering biennials can prevent seed set.

Perennials: Destroy underground vegetative structures by repeatedly tilling the soil or by using herbicide that destroys all plant parts.

Front 6

Describe how to time herbicide applications with respect to a plant’s life cycle and why such timing is most effective.

Back 6

Less energy is required to kill plants at seedling stage.

Biennial and winter annual plants are controlled by fall or spring treatments.

Perennials: True seedling stage, or in the bud or early flower stage. - after mowing.

Front 7

Explain the effects of soil texture and organic matter content on applications of soil herbicides.

Back 7

Soils with high clay content or high organic matter often require higher herbicide rates than soils with a courser texture or low organic matter.

Front 8

Explain how to keep soil herbicides from moving off target.

Back 8

Do not apply herbicides in areas where they may leach into groundwater, orrun off into water sources or cropping areas. - Avoid applying herbicides into areaswhere desired tree and shrub roots may extend. Do not apply herbicides tofrozen soils.

Front 9

Describe how and when to apply soil herbicides.

Back 9

Soil treatments are commonly used when a site needs residual nonselective control.

Can be applied alone to kill existing weeds and to provide residual control.

Tospeed control of existing weeds, a foliar herbicide that gives an initial knockdown is sometimes used in conjunction with a soil herbicide.

Soil application of sprays, pellets, or concentrated liquids applied with hand-heldapplicators controls many small woody plants. Treatment is usually made to the baseof the plant.

Front 10

Describe when foliar sprays are and are not advisable.

Back 10

Good for speed control of weeds for an initial knockdown.

Normally not recommended for large brush because the potential for drift is too great when tall species are sprayed.

Front 11

Outline the factors involved in timing a foliar spray.

Back 11

You can make foliar treatments from the time leaves are fully expanded until theybegin to turn color in the fall—though they are most effective when the herbicideis applied to the fully developed foliage of actively growing plants.

Ideal temperatures for applying most postemergenceherbicides are between 60° and 85° F.

Front 12

Describe how to use adjuvants effectively.

Back 12

To make an effective foliar treatment, you must wet the leaves and stems thoroughlyto the point just prior to runoff.

-Allow the herbicide to spread over more leaf surface so thatthe leaves absorb more herbicide.

-may be necessary for betterabsorption by foliage that is extremely waxy or hairy.

Front 13

Compare/contrast foliar, cut-surface, and basal bark applications.

Back 13

Although more labor intensive than foliar sprays, these treatments are useful to selectively remove undesirable brush species from stands of desirable plants.

Front 14

Who do State and local laws require to control certain weeds to prevent their spread and distribution.

Back 14

Land Owners.

Front 15

Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific types ofpesticides.

Back 15

any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or reduce pest damage.

Not all pesticides actually kill the target pest; some mayonly inhibit its growth, repel it, or reduce its capacity to reproduce.

Front 16

Contrast the difference between organic and inorganic.

Back 16

organic: either derived or extracted directly from plants, or are synthetic compounds.

-extremely effective and some are quitespecific in their activity.

-principal focus of healthand environmental concerns and are associated withproblems and misuse.

Inorganic: derived from minerals that occur in nature.

-most important of the early pesticides, butbanned becauseof health and environmental concerns.

-lesseffective than many of the organic compounds.

Front 17

Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names.

Back 17

Only the active ingredient in a product has pesticide activity.

- Each active ingredient is given a chemical name that complies with acceptedguidelines established by chemists.

-active ingredients are assigned common names -Common names normally appear on the label on thesame line with and just before the chemical name.

-Manufacturers generally give one or more specific names to each commercialformulation of a particular active ingredient (trade name) that appears in large letters at the top of the label.

Front 18

Compare selective and nonselective herbicides.

Back 18

Selective herbicides can be used to controlcertain weeds without injuring desirable plants. but can damage desirable plants under stressful conditions

Nonselective herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) are toxic to most or all plants.

Front 19

Outline the uses and characteristics of contact herbicides.

Back 19

-only kill the parts of theplant they actually touch

-mosteffective when applied toactively growing weedseedlings.

-not provide residualcontrol, which meansthat a new flush of weedsmay germinate from seedafter a contact herbicideapplication.

- most are nonselective,

- burn off the topgrowth ofperennial plants, but theseplants will usually re-sproutfrom underground parts.

Front 20

Describe the effects and typical use of plant growth regulators.

Back 20

-used to retard plant growth and help reduce the needfor other chemical or mechanical management measures.

-do not kill plants.

-increase, decrease, or change in somefashion the normal growth and/or reproduction of a plant.

Front 21

Outline the uses and characteristics of systematic herbicides.

Back 21

-absorbed through leaves or roots and then move (ortranslocate) within the treated plant.

-move within the plantalong with the flow of water and sugars to growing points of stems and roots.

-use when controlling establishedperennial weeds.

Front 22

Describe the function of inert ingredients.

Back 22

-not possess pesticidal activity but are added to improve

-application effectiveness,

-safety,

-handling,

-storage

-other characteristics of the final product.

Front 23

Explain why there are different kinds of formulations.

Back 23

1. The chemistry of theactive ingredient itself dictates what formulations are possible.

2. different formulations offerdifferent advantages.

Front 24

Which formulations applied as liquid Are especially likely to cause phytotoxicity.

Back 24

Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)

Front 25

Which formulations applied as liquid Form suspensions or solutions when diluted.

Back 25

Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)

Dry Flowables (DF)

Flowables/Suspension Concentrates (SC)

Front 26

Which formulations applied as liquid Require agitation in the spray tank after mixing.

Back 26

Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)

Soluble Powders (SP)

Dry Flowables (DF)

Flowables/Suspension Concentrates (SC)

Front 27

Which formulations applied as liquid Tend to clog nozzles, are abrasive, or may cause sprayer parts to deteriorate.

Back 27

Dry Flowables (DF)

Front 28

Identify the health concerns associated with different formulations

Back 28

Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) are phytotoxic and readily absorbed in skin.

Soluble Powders (SP) can be inhaled when loaded

Front 29

Describe the function of adjuvants.

Back 29

-a chemical added to a pesticide or spray tank to modifythe product’s physical properties and/or enhance pesticide performance.

● Wetting agents and emulsifiers are often added so that the pesticide will mixwith water and/or coat treated surfaces more effectively.

● Spreaders allow pesticidesto spread evenly over treatedsurfaces.

● Stickers increase theadherence of the chemicalto treated leaves, thusincreasing its persistence,particularly under adverseweather conditions.

● Penetrants aid the absorptionof a pesticide by the plant.

Front 30

What items do you need to consider when selecting a formulation type.

Back 30

Choose the formulation that is best for a particular job.

● may be registered for different uses.

● One formulation of an active ingredient may be less effective than another in a given situation.

● risks to you, the treated site, and the environment.

● You can measure liquid formulations more easily than dry formulations.

● Formulations vary in characteristics such as ability to remain in suspension or solution and the tendency to damage sprayer components.

● You don’t need to dilute pesticides that are applied as solids. However, it is often difficult to apply them uniformly.

● Dry formulations are easier to clean up than liquid formulations if spilled.

● In general, freezing temperatures in the storage area affect dry formulations less than liquid formulations.

Front 31

What are precautions regarding the use of adjuvants

Back 31

misuse (e.g., overapplication) may lead to injury of desirable plants, compatibilityproblems, or reduced pest control.

Front 32

Identify the most prominent federal pesticide law and which agency oversees it.

Back 32

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, andRodenticide Act (FIFRA), which is overseen by the federal EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA).

Front 33

Describe what is involved in pesticide registration and the practical importance.

Back 33

A pesticide must be registered by the EPA before it can legally be sold or used inthe U.S. The EPA will register the use(s) of a product when test data, submittedby the manufacturer, show that the intended use(s) of the product will not createunreasonable risks.

Front 34

Explain why products are classified restricted-use and who may purchase and apply such products.

Back 34

If the EPA determines that the benefits of a pesticide’s use will outweigh the risks only when trained persons use the pesticide, it will classify the pesticide as a restricted‐use pesticide (RUP). This classification must be stated on the label.

Only a certified applicator maymix, load, apply, or direct the useof RUPs

Front 35

Explain the significance when state and federal laws differ.

Back 35

State laws can be more strict than federal laws, but cannot be more lenient.

Front 36

private applicator

Back 36

-You use or direct the use of pesticides for the purpose of producing an agricultural commodity, and

● The applications occur on land owned or rented by you or your employer (e.g., a farmer).

Front 37

Summarize the conditions for registering an employee as a temporary commercialapplicator trainee.

Back 37

● The trainee registration isvalid only for 30 days.

● A trainee may not use arestricted-use pesticideor direct the use of anypesticide.

● Application of pesticidesby a trainee must be underdirect, on-site supervision bya commercial applicator whois certified and licensed in theappropriate category.

● The trainee must have a copy of the registration on hand when using a pesticide.

Front 38

List the certification and licensing requirements for commercial applicators.

Back 38

You must beat least 16 years of age to become certified. Certification requires an applicator topass an exam demonstrating their knowledge of the proper, safe, and legal use ofpesticides.

Front 39

List the kinds of applications for which you must keep records, and know how long you must keep such records.

Back 39

You must keep a record of any application for which both certification and licensingare required

Completethe record on the day of the application and keep it on file for at least 2 years after thedate of the date of the application.

Front 40

prohibited pesticide,

Back 40

Several pesticide activeingredients have been prohibitedfrom use either because of theirexceptionally hazardous natureor because of their environmentalpersistence. Prohibitedpesticides include any pesticidewhose use has been prohibitedby state statute, DATCP, or underFIFRA.

Front 41

Describe the regulations that pertain to pesticide use around waters of the state.

Back 41

You cannot apply any pesticide to a water of the state (which includes, but is not limited to,lakes, streams, ponds, and drainage ditches, whether public or private) or to emergentvegetation without complying with Chapter NR 107, Wis. Adm. Code

If you did want to applypesticides to water you wouldfirst need to obtain a permit forthe application from the DNR.In addition, you would alsohave to meet the certificationand licensing requirements forthe commercial pest controlcategory, Aquatic and Mosquito(5.0). NR 107 lists certificationrequirements in addition to thoselisted in ATCP 29 (describedearlier).

Front 42

Describe what is involved in pesticide reregistration and the practical importance.

Back 42

olderproducts undergo reregistration to ensure that their use would not pose unreasonablerisks.

The EPA must have a complete data base of a pesticide product before it willreregister that product. The registrant (i.e., the pesticide manufacturer) is responsiblefor supplying missing data and paying fees to support the reregistration program.

Front 43

commercial applicator for hire

Back 43

You are a commercial applicatorfor hire if you use (or direct theuse of) pesticides on a contractbasis, meaning, basically, you get paid by a third-party to perform your services.

Front 44

commercial applicator not for hire.

Back 44

If you use (or direct the use of)pesticides only to sites that youor your employer controls, anddo not contract out your pesticideapplication services,

Front 45

limited-use pesticide,

Back 45

It is unlawful to purchase, sell, or use thepesticides for purposes other than those specified in ATCP 30.

Front 46

pesticide governed by a special rule.

Back 46

specify maximum product rates and the timing and frequency of applications withina growing season, or may prohibit certain methods of application or even anyapplication in certain areas of the state.

Front 47

Describe the difference between the terms “labels” and “labeling.”

Back 47

Label: information printed on or attached to the pesticide container or wrapper.

Labeling: both the actuallabel and to all additional product information, such as brochures and handouts,referenced on the label or received from the manufacturer or dealer when you buy theproduct.

Front 48

Why is it important to use a pesticide according to label directions.

Back 48

Because there are many things to consider in using pesticides safely, and effectively.

Front 49

List the 5 times when you should read the relevant parts of a label.

Back 49

-Before you buy the product, to make sure it is the best choice for the pest youwish to control and that the product is labeled for the site where you need to useit,

● Before you store the product,

● Before you mix and use the product, to be sure you apply it safely, effectively,and at the proper rate,

● Before you clean pesticide application equipment, and

● Before you dispose of the product and/or its container.

Front 50

Outline the kinds of information you can find on a label.

Back 50

Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) Statement

Trade Name

Type of Pesticide

Formulation

Ingredient Statement

Net Contents of product in container

Name and address of manufacturer

EPA registration and establishment numbers

Safety Information (detailed)

Environmental information (detailed)

Use Information (detailed)

Front 51

Explain how products with similar brand names or ingredients may have differentuses.

Back 51

Companies often use thesame basic name with slight variations for different products. Likewise, differentcompanies may sell products that seem similar but are registered for different uses.

Front 52

List the signal words that you may find on a pesticide label.

Back 52

● DANGER-POISON (also must be accompanied by the skull-and-crossbonessymbol as shown here),

● DANGER,

● WARNING,

● CAUTION.

Front 53

Define what a signal word is and how it relates to the relative toxicity of a product.

Back 53

the label must indicate the pesticide’s relative toxicity. It does so byusing signal words that identify the toxicity category to which the product is assigned.

There are 4 toxicity categories, indicted by the Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV, indecreasing order of toxicity (I is the most highly toxic, IV, the least).

Signal wordsmust appear in large letters on the label’s front panel.

Front 54

List the ONLY 4 ways you may legally deviate from label directions.

Back 54

Applying a pesticide at a lower rate, concentration, or frequency than thatspecified on the label,

● Applying a pesticide against any target pest not specified on the label if theapplication is to the site specified on the label,

● Using any method of application not prohibited by the label, or

● Mixing two or more pesticides, or mixing a pesticide with a fertilizer when suchmixture is not mentioned by the label.

Front 55

Explain what to do if state laws are more strict than label directions.

Back 55

Always follow the stricter law.

Front 56

Explain which directions you should follow when using a product whose label haschanged since you bought it.

Back 56

If you know that a label has changed, you may follow the newer label provided thechange resulted in stricter requirements.

If, however, the newer label eases use restrictions, abide bythe stricter requirements on the label of the product you are using.

Front 57

Describe some differences between a pesticide label and an SDS sheet.

Back 57

Label: designed specifically for applicators.

OSHA regulated document designed for use by multiple professions

The SDS contains more detailed and technicalinformation than the label about the product’s chemical and physical properties,toxicological and ecological information, first-aid procedures, and emergencyresponse.

May have different PPE listed.

Front 58

What two parts of the packaging are considered are legally binding documents.

Back 58

The label and supplemental labeling

Front 59

Explain the difference between hazard and toxicity.

Back 59

Hazard = Toxicity x Exposure

Hazard is the potential for injury.It reflects both the chemical’stoxicity and your likelihood ofexposure to the chemical in aparticular situation.

Toxicity is a measure of a pesticide’scapacity to cause injury.

Front 60

List the four routes by which pesticides can enter your body.

Back 60

Dermal exposure (when you get a pesticide on your skin), Oral exposure (when you swallow a pesticide), Inhalation exposure (when you breathe in pesticide vapors or dusts), and Eye exposure.

Front 61

Give examples of work habits that lead to pesticide exposure via these four routes.

Back 61

Dermal Exposure

-Not wearing gloves or other protective clothing. -Not washing hands after handling pesticides, product containers, orapplication equipment. ----Not washing hands before using the toilet. -

-Splashing or spilling pesticide on skin.

Being exposed to spray or dust drift.

Applying pesticides in windy weather or above your head.

Touching treated plants, soil, or surfaces.

Eye Exposure

-Rubbing eyes with contaminated gloves or hands.

Splashing pesticide in eyes.

Handling dry formulations when not wearing eye protection.

Applying pesticides in windy weather.

Oral Exposure. Not washing hands before eating, smoking, chewing, or drinking.

Splashing pesticide in mouth.

Inhalation Exposure -

-Handling pesticides in confined or poorly ventilated areas.

- Handling dusts or powders.

- Using an inadequate or poorly fitting respirator.

- Being exposed to spray or dust drift.

Front 62

Explain how a pesticide’s formulation, or body part exposed, affects how muchpesticide is absorbed through the skin.

Back 62

depends not only on the chemicalitself and the extent of the exposure, but also on the product’s formulation, the area ofyour body that is exposed, and the condition of the exposed skin.

oil-based pesticides are absorbed most easily. Water-based formulationsand dilutions are less easily absorbed than oil-based, but more readily than drymaterials.

Different areas of the bodyabsorb pesticides at differentrates

Front 63

Describe the relationship between a pesticide’s toxicity and its LD50 and/or LC50.

Back 63

LD50 is the amount of pesticide thatkills half of the test animals. The lower theLD50 value of a pesticide, the less it takes to kill50 percent of the population of test animals.Therefore, the greater the toxicity of thechemical.

LC50 applies to Concentration of chemicals in the air.

Front 64

Describe how pesticides are assigned to toxicity categories and given signal words.

Back 64

The signal word required on a pesticide’s label is assigned on the basis of the highestmeasured toxicity, whether that is oral, dermal, or inhalation. Effects on the eyesand external injury to the skin also are considered.

Front 65

Describe some of the general symptoms of pesticide exposure.

Back 65

Mild Poisoning

Fatigue • Headache Weakness Dizziness • Restlessness • Nervousness • Blurred vision • Moodiness • Skin, eye, and/ • or nose and throat • irritation Perspiration • Nausea and •vomiting • Stomach cramps or • diarrhea

Moderate Poisoning

Excessivesaliva and/orperspirationStomach crampsUnable to walkTrembling Muscle twitchesExtreme weaknessMental confusionChest discomfortConstriction of pupilBlurred visionDifficulty breathingRapid pulseFlushed or yellow skin • Weeping

Severe Poisoning

Fever• Intense thirst• Unconsciousness• Pinpoint pupils• Uncontrollable muscle twitching• Convulsions • Inability to breathe• Secretions from nose and mouth• Coma and death ••

Front 66

What are acute poisoning effects.

Back 66

can adversely affect your body’s physiology. Although we maynot know exactly how a pesticide acts on the body, some symptoms of poisoningare quite well known. These warning responses of the body can be recognized byanyone working with pesticides.

Front 67

Distinguish between the different types of delayed effects.

Back 67

Chronic effects appear a long time, usually several years, after repeated exposures toa pesticide. They include cancer, tumors, and mutations (changes, usually harmful,in the body’s genetic material).

developmental effect, such as a birth defect, is an injury or illness that occurs to afetus in the womb of a woman who has been exposed to a pesticide. A reproductive effect is an injury to a person’s reproductive system. These effectsinclude infertility or sterility in either sex and impotence in men.

systemic effect is a delayed illness or injury to a bodily system (e.g., blood, nervoussystem, kidneys). Some systemic effects may result from acute exposure.

Front 68

What are Delayed effects of chemical poisoning?

Back 68

Delayed effects are illnesses or injuries that do not appear soon (within 24 hours)after you are first exposed to a pesticide; they may be delayed for weeks,months, or even years.

Front 69

What are allergic effects to chemicals?

Back 69

Allergic effects are harmful effects that some people, but not others, develop whenthey are exposed to a pesticide.

It usually takes more than one exposure for aperson’s body to develop the response chemicals that result in an allergic reaction toa substance.

Common reactions include:

● Systemic effects (maybe even life-threatening shock),

● Skin irritation, such as rash, blisters, or open sores, and ●

Eye and nose irritation, such as itchy, watery eyes and sneezing.

Front 70

Explain how PPE reduces the hazard associated with pesticide use.

Back 70

Wearing PPE greatly reduces your dermal, inhalation, and eye exposure to pesticides

Front 71

List precautions you should take in addition to wearing PPE to reduce your exposure to pesticides.

Back 71

Never eat, drink, or smoke while handlingpesticides.

● Wash your hands after handling pesticides.

● Take a shower at the end of each work day, Put on a complete change of clothing.

● Use common sense. There may betimes when you feel that you should wear more PPE than the label requires.

Front 72

Explain who is covered by the Hazard Communications Standard.

Back 72

employees who handle or use hazardous chemicals(including pesticides) in the workplace. With the exception of farms, the HCS coversall employers with one or more employees.

Front 73

List the features of effective PPE.

Back 73

● Chemical resistant or otherwise able to keep pesticides away from your body,

● Resistant to punctures or tears under normal conditions of use,

● Well sealed at seams

● Comfortable enough that people will accept it.

With the exception of work clothes,coveralls, and sometimes shoes or boots,the PPE items discussed in this chaptermust be made of chemical-resistant material

Front 74

What material is resistant to all chemicals?

Back 74

No one material is resistant to allchemicals or in all situations, and a pesticidecan penetrate a material that is not resistantto it.

Front 75

Explain how chemical resistance can affect worker acceptance of PPE.

Back 75

When selecting PPE keep in mind that:

● The effectiveness of the barrier increases with the thickness of the material,

● The less penetrable the material is by air, the more effective the barrier is,

● Comfort decreases as the effectiveness of the barrier increases, and

● Worker acceptance of PPE decreases as comfort decreases.

Front 76

Outline the different levels of protection afforded by work clothes, coveralls, spray suits, and aprons.

Back 76

At a minimum, wear a long-sleeved shirt, long trousers, shoes, and socks before youwork with pesticides.

Fabric coveralls are not chemicalresistant—they simply provide an additional layer of clothing.

Spray suits provide an added measure of protection because they are chemicalresistant and can be worn instead of coveralls. Hooded suits further protect the headand neck from drifting spray particles.

Spray suits come in many different styles and materials. Some are designed forprotection only against dry pesticide formulations, while others are splash resistantor even liquid proof.

Front 77

Describe the types of gloves to wear when handling pesticides and how to wear them.

Back 77

Wear unlined, chemical-resistant gloveswhenever you handle pesticides.

Use gloves that are at least 14 mils thick

gloves are available in several lengths-

- Gauntlet (to cuff), forearm protection, Shoulder length

Front 78

Describe the features of suitable protective footwear.

Back 78

A pesticide label may allow you to wear regular work shoes or boots for specifichandling activities but require you to wear chemical-resistant footwear for others.Even for those activities that do not require it, however, wear unlined, chemical-resistant shoes, boots, or shoe covers if you think significant exposure is likely.

Front 79

Describe how to wash, and when to discard, PPE.

Back 79

If fabric clothing is saturated with a pesticide concentrate, you must discardit.

Follow these guidelines when washing clothes you wore while handlingpesticides:

● Outdoors, shake pesticide dust or granules from your clothing

● Prerinse clothing by presoaking it in a suitable container or using the prewashcycle of an automatic washer.

● Wash clothing separately from family clothing. Wash only a fewcontaminated garments at a time.

● Wash clothes in hot water to more thoroughly remove pesticides; use the highestwater setting and use a heavy-duty liquid detergent. Neither bleach nor ammoniahelps remove pesticides.

● Drain the wash water; do not use the water-saving feature.

● Check wet clothes for visible staining, unusual odor, or color differences. Washthe clothes again if any of these are present. If the second washing does notremove the stain or odor, discard the clothing.

● Line dry the clothing to avoid any possible contamination in the dryer. Also,sunlight may degrade some pesticide residue that laundering did not remove.

Front 80

What law must Employers comply with to protect employees who handle hazardous chemicals.

Back 80

the Hazard Communication Standard

Front 81

Describe the features of suitable protective headgear

Back 81

If there is a danger of downward drift or if you are spraying overhead, wear awide-brimmed hat or a hooded spray suit

Front-billed caps do not protect you from chemical exposure.Instead, they will become contaminated and provide a source of chronic exposure. Chemical-resistant hoods provide greater protection of the head and neck regions.Hoods may be a separate piece that drapes to cover your shoulders, or attacheddirectly to your spray suit.

Front 82

Describe the features of suitable protective eyewear.

Back 82

Goggles with polycarbonate lenses and indirect venting are preferred.

-Polycarbonatelenses provide good chemical and impact resistance.

-Goggles with indirect ventingare considered splash resistant and help eliminate fogging commonly associated withno-vent goggles.

- Goggles with perforations allow liquid pesticides to leak throughair holes.

Front 83

Explain when to assume that a pesticide exposure has occurred.

Back 83

Play it safe: assume any symptoms that appear while, or soon after, workingwith a pesticide are caused by the pesticide. Stop working with pesticides or intreated areas if you don’t feel well—leave the treated area immediately.

Front 84

List the types of information on product labels and SDSs that can help in responding to an exposure.

Back 84

list symptoms of exposure

will help you recognize and respond to poisoningsmore quickly.

Front 85

Outline when medical attention is warranted.

Back 85

Seek medical attention whenever someone:

● Exhibits any illness while, or soon after, working with pesticides or in a treatedarea,

● Has swallowed a pesticide,

● Has gotten a pesticide in their eyes, or

● Exhibits symptoms of poisoning or injury following dermal or inhalationexposure to a pesticide.

Front 86

Describe the proper actions to take when a victim needs medical attention.

Back 86

Ideally, you should call for medical help immediately in these situations. If you arealone with the victim, though, you may first need to help the victim get out of theexposure situation and begin first aid. If you are the victim, remain calm and followthe same basic response principles that we discuss for helping others. Effects ofpesticide poisoning are rarely instantaneous, so you will usually have time to respondappropriately. A victim should never go alone to the doctor unless there is no one to take theperson. Bring the pesticide label or a labeled container with the victim; however,don’t transport a container in the passenger section of a vehicle.

Front 87

Outline first aid procedures used in cases of dermal exposure.

Back 87

Remove contaminated clothing.

● Drench skin with water.

● Wash skin, hair, and fingernails thoroughly with soap and water.

● Rinse thoroughly and wash again.

● Dry and wrap the victim in a blanket.

● Cover chemical burns loosely with a clean, soft cloth. Do not use ointments,greases, powders, or other medications.

Front 88

Describe the guidelines for inducing vomiting after an oral exposure.

Back 88

Never induce vomiting if the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions.

Follow label

● The victim should be lying face down or kneeling forward while retching orvomiting, thus preventing vomitus from entering the lungs and causing furtherdamage.

● Collect some of the vomitus for the doctor as it may be needed for chemical tests.

● Do not spend a lot of time attempting to induce vomiting. Instead, get the victimto a hospital as soon as possible.

Front 89

Explain how to recognize and respond to shock.

Back 89

The victim’s skin will be pale, moist, cold, and clammy. Their eyes will be vacantand lackluster with dilated pupils. Their breathing will be shallow and irregular andpulse very weak, rapid, and irregular. The victim may be unconscious.

● Unless the person is vomiting, keep the victim flat on their back and elevate theirlegs 1 to 1 1⁄2 feet above the head.

● Keep the victim warm enough to prevent shivering. Do not overheat.

● Keep the victim quiet and give reassurance often.

● Never try to give anything by mouth to an unconscious victim.

Front 90

Specify how heat stress is different from heat illness.

Back 90

Heat stress is the buildup in the body of heat generated by your muscles duringwork and by a warm or hot work environment.

Heat illness includes a numberof disorders that can occur when the body is subjected to more heat than it can copewith.

Front 91

Explain how heat stress can effect you.

Back 91

Even mild forms of heat stress can make people feel ill and impair their ability todo a good job. When your body becomes overheated, less blood goes to the activemuscles, your brain, and organs. You get weaker, become tired sooner, and may beless alert, less able to use good judgment, and less able to perform your work well. As strain from heat becomes more severe, your body temperature and heart rate canrise rapidly. You may not realize this is happening because there is no pain. Withonly a 2°F rise in body temperature, your ability to reason is impaired.

Front 92

Describe some common symptoms of heat stress.

Back 92

Heat stress symptoms include: ● Fatigue (exhaustion, muscle weakness). ● Dizziness and fainting. ● Clammy skin or hot, dry skin. ● Altered behavior—confusion, slurred speech, quarrelsome, irrational. ● Headache, nausea, and chills. ● Severe thirst and dry mouth. ● Heavy sweating or complete lack of sweating.

Front 93

Outline the first aid procedures used in cases of heat stress, and describe whenmedical attention is necessary.

Back 93

If you suspect heat illness, take the following steps until the victim receives medicalattention:

● Get the victim into a shaded or cooler area.

● Carefully remove PPE and other clothing that may be making the victim hot.

● Cool the victim as rapidly as possible by sponging or splashing the skin(especially the face, neck, hands, and forearms) with cool water. If at allpossible, immerse the victim in cool water (e.g., a shower).

● Have the victim drink as much cool water as possible. However, as withpesticide poisoning, do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

● Keep the victim calm and quiet.

Front 94

Outline first aid procedures used in cases of inhalation.

Back 94

● Get a poisoning victim to fresh air immediately. If possible, carry (don’t walk)the victim.

● Do not attempt to rescue someone who has been poisoned in an enclosed area ifyou don’t have the proper respiratory equipment.

● Loosen all tight clothing.

● If breathing has stopped or is irregular, give artificial respiration.

● The victim should remain as quiet as possible.● Prevent chilling (wrap the victim in blankets, but don’t overheat).

● If the victim is convulsing, watch for breathing irregularities and protect thevictim’s head from striking the floor or wall. Keep the victim’s chin up so thatthe air passage will remain free for breathing.

● Do not give alcohol in any form to the victim.

Front 95

Outline first aid procedures used in cases of eyeexposure.

Back 95

Hold eyelids open and wash eyes with a gentle stream of clean runningwater (e.g., from a decontamination site). Use large amounts of water. Do soimmediately; delay of even a few seconds greatly increases the possibility ofinjury. Continue washing for at least 15 minutes.

● Do not use medications in the wash water: use pure water.

Front 96

List some general precautions about transporting pesticides including what itemsshould and should not be transported with pesticides.

Back 96

Keep the following equipment with you in the vehicle in case there is a spill, fire

● PPE (in the passenger compartment of the vehicle),

● Soap and water,

● A shovel for building dirtdikes to contain a spill,

● Absorbent material (e.g.,kitty litter) to soak up spilledpesticide, and

● A fire extinguisher.

Front 97

Outline precautions when loading and unloading pesticides and explain theimportance of pesticide security in relation to your vehicle.

Back 97

-Wear work clothes andchemical-resistant gloves evenwhen handling unopenedpesticide containers.

-Accept containers only if the labels are legible andfirmly attached.

-Check all caps,and tighten them if necessary.

--Do not transport any pesticidein a container which is visiblybroken, defective, or improperlysealed. Handle containers carefully.Avoid sliding them over roughsurfaces that could rip bagsor puncture rigid containers.Secure all containers to thevehicle and protect those madeof paper, cardboard, or similarmaterials from moisture. Youmust secure the pesticidesagainst access by children, thegeneral public, and animals. Never leave pesticidesunattended

—you are legallyresponsible if people areaccidentally poisoned frompesticides left unattended andexposed in your vehicle.

Front 98

Explain what triggers extra regulations when transporting some materials.

Back 98

If the material is considered hazardous for transportation, that in turn triggers otherregulations that you must heed. You must:

● Receive hazardous material training,

● Carry emergency response information, and ● Carry shipping papers.

Front 99

List places you might find information about the hazardous class of a pesticide.

Back 99

SDS Sheet

Shipping Papers

Placards

Front 100

Name, and briefly describe, the different requirements triggered when carrying ahazardous material in your vehicle.

Back 100

Hazardous Material Training is required for persons involved in the loading,unloading, handling, storing, and transporting of hazardous materials.

You also are required to carry the following Emergency Response Information inyour vehicle:

● A 24-hour emergency response phone number on the shipping paper, and

● Emergency response information for each hazardous material (either listed on theshipping paper or in a separate document with the shipping paper).

You must carry the proper shipping papers when you transport any hazardous material.

you might also need to placard your vehicle and obtain acommercial driver’s license.

Front 101

Explain when placarding, or a commercial driver’s license, might be required.

Back 101

whentransporting pesticides bearing a DOT poisonlabel in containers larger than 119 gallons orin quantities greater than 1,000 pounds.

Sometimes drivers might also need aCommercial Driver’s License (CDL). A CDLis required of anyone operating commercialmotor vehicles that meet any of the followingcriteria: ● Has a gross vehicle weight rating (singlevehicle or combination of vehicles, e.g.,truck and trailer) of 26,001 pounds ormore, ● Is designed or used to transport 16 ormore persons, or ● Transports hazardous materials inamounts that require placarding.

Front 102

List steps you can take to prevent unauthorized access to stored pesticides.

Back 102

f you store large amounts ofpesticides, consider using a separate building.A separate building is easier to keep secure anddesign for proper storage of pesticides.

You must protect and secure the area to keep out unauthorized people (especiallychildren and animals).

Front 103

Distinguish between items that you can and cannot store with pesticides.

Back 103

Keep only pesticides and pesticide equipment inthe storage area.

-You must never store pesticideswith food, feed, seed, plant propagation material,fertilizers, or PPE.

-Keep herbicide/fertilizer mixtures separate from both pesticidesand fertilizers.

Front 104

Outline the features of a suitable site for a pesticide storage facility.

Back 104

Locate the storage area downwind and downhillfrom sensitive areas such as houses or parks.

Choose a site that will not flood or be likelyto allow wells or surface water to becomecontaminated if there is a fire or spill.

Front 105

Provide design details of a storage facility that protects pesticides and their containers.

Back 105

Insulate the buildingto keep the temperature between40°F and 100°F.

Keep dry.

Front 106

Provide design details of a storage facility that reduces the risk of, or damage resulting from, spills and fires.

Back 106

-by installing an electrically shielded,exhaust-type ventilating fan to maintain reasonable temperatures.

-Install smoke alarmsand keep a dry-chemical fire extinguisher near the entrance.

- Put up “No Smoking”signs at each entrance and inside the facility.

Front 107

Provide design details of a storage facility that protects workers who enter the facility.

Back 107

-Be sure the building is well lit so you can read labels and detect leaks.

-A sealedcement floor and a drainage system that collects runoff will help protect theenvironment in case of a spill.

-plastic or metal shelves are easier to cleanthan wooden shelves.

-Keep a shovel and absorbent material (e.g., kitty litter) in thestorage area for use in containing spills.

Front 108

List the precautions you should take before putting a pesticide into storage.

Back 108

Check that the container is tightly sealedand undamaged and that the label isintact and legible. If a container isdamaged or leaking, put it inside anothercontainer or transfer its contentsto another container that held the sameproduct and that still has an intact label.Inspect containers regularly.

Put containers on pallets or shelves tohelp prevent water damage or corrosion.To avoid contamination from leaks, donot store dry materials on shelves belowliquids

Front 109

Describe how you would arrange pesticides in storage to protect the products and containers.

Back 109

Put containers on pallets or shelves to help prevent water damage or corrosion. To avoid contamination from leaks, do not store dry materials on shelves below liquids

Separate pesticides bytype within the storage area.Isolate volatile pesticides sotheir vapors will not contaminateother products.

keep labels intact, legible, and visible. Never put pesticides into soda bottles,

Front 110

Describe the short-term storage of empty containers and of pesticides at anapplication site.

Back 110

Cover or otherwise secure or guard pesticidesand containers that youtemporarily hold at a mixingand loading or application site

Put emptycontainers in the storage areauntil you can properly dispose orrecycle them

Front 111

Determine whether you must comply with the pesticide bulk storage rule.

Back 111

Bulk pesticide is defined asliquid pesticides in containers larger than 55 gallons or solid pesticides in undividedquantities greater than 100 pounds.

Anyone who commercially distributes or sells bulk pesticides needs tocomply with ATCP 33.

Front 112

Explain why mixing and loading pesticides pose a significant hazard to theenvironment and those who perform these tasks.

Back 112

Because of the concentrations and quantities of pesticidesinvolved, accidental releases of pesticides at a mixing and loading site pose a highrisk of ground- and surface water contamination. This is especially true when thesite is also used for storing pesticides and cleaning application equipment. Also,when you mix and load, you handle a pesticide in its most concentrated form andexperience the greatest potential for exposure to yourself.

Front 113

Outline whether a site is suitable for mixing and loading or cleaning applicationequipment with respect to nearby wells or surface water.

Back 113

You cannot fill pesticideequipment (i.e., mix or spraytanks) adjacent to surface watersor wells where, because of theslope or other condition of thebank or ground, pesticides couldenter or contaminate the surfacewater or well, or where risingwaters could reach the fillingarea and become contaminated.This restriction also applies whenyou clean pesticide equipment.

Front 114

Describe the purpose of a mixing and loading pad and when such a pad is required.

Back 114

You must mix or load pesticidesover an impervious spillcontainment surface if either ofthe following applies:

● You mix or load more than1,500 pounds of pesticideactive ingredients at anyone site in a calendar year.Two or more sites within 1⁄2of a mile of each other andunder common ownershipor control are considered asa single mixing and loadingsite.

● You mix or load pesticideswithin 100 feet of a well orsurface water.

You may not mix or loadpesticides within 8 feet of awell or surface water under any circumstances.

Front 115

Describe steps you can take to minimize your exposure to pesticides when mixing and loading.

Back 115

Wear PPE, Protective eyewear, and work clothes, especially chemical-resistant gloves, even when you mixand load pesticides that are specially packaged to reduce exposure

Front 116

Describe precautions you must take to protect the water supply when mixing andloading.

Back 116

Be extremely careful to avoid overflow whenyou add water to the equipment. Never leaveequipment unattended while it is being filled.

keep the hose or pipeabove the level of the mixtureat all times during mixing andloading.

Front 117

Explain the restrictions on using rinsates in future mixes.

Back 117

-The pesticide(s) in the rinsate is labeled forthe intended application site, and

● The amount of pesticide in the final mix doesnot exceed label rates for that site.

Front 118

List the benefits of properly rinsing pesticide containers.

Back 118

By fully emptyingcontainers this way, you:

● Save money by using all the pesticide in the containers,

● Protect the environment from apotential source of contamination,

● Meet federal and state regulations onpesticide use and disposal, and

● Make the container a solid wasteeven if it had contained a hazardouspesticide.

Front 119

Identify some of the problems that can result from mixing two or more pesticides.

Back 119

Physical incompatibility is usually easyto see. In most cases, solids settle out of the mixture or the mixture separates intolayers after you agitate it. A physically incompatible mixture may be unsprayable.

Front 120

List how to properly rinsing pesticide containers.

Back 120

When you empty a container of a liquidformulation, let it drain into the pesticidemix until you see individual drops.Then triple rinse the pesticide container

Front 121

Define when pesticide becomes waste and who is responsible for disposing of it.

Back 121

state and federal regulations make you responsible for the proper disposalof pesticide wastes that you generate.

With respect to pesticides, we define waste as material: ● That has served its originally intended purpose, or ● That you intend to discard.

Front 122

List steps you can take to reduce the amount of pesticide waste you generate.

Back 122

The best way to reduce waste is to not generate waste in the first place.

Review pg 88 for ALL common sense steps.

Front 123

Compare and contrast solid vs. hazardous waste.

Back 123

solid waste is what most of us think of as “trash” or “garbage” we produceat home, work and play. However, the term can be confusing because “solid” wastecan sometimes be solid, liquid or contained gas. I

In terms of pesticide disposal, solidwaste is anything that is not considered a hazardous waste.

Front 124

Summarize how disposing of hazardous waste is different and why it is so.

Back 124

The EPA issues a list of materials that are considered hazardous waste under theRCRA. Many pesticide active ingredients are on this list. However, the RCRA alsoapplies to certain flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic wastes, even if they are noton the list. Therefore, some other pesticides could be “regulated hazardous wastes”under RCRA because their formulations make them flammable, or corrosive forexample.

Front 125

Describe your options for disposing of pesticide containers and other wastes.

Back 125

Your only options for getting rid of empty pesticide containers are to:

● Return them to the dealer for reuse or refilling,

● Recycle them,

● Bring them to a Wisconsin Clean Sweep program, or

● Dispose of them in an approved landfill.

It is illegal to bury or burn any pesticide containers in Wisconsin.

Front 126

Explain which types of pesticide waste may be disposed of in a sanitary landfill.

Back 126

non-hazardous pesticide wastes.

Front 127

Explain why landfill operators may refuse to accept certain pesticide wastes.

Back 127

If hazardous wastesare found in a landfill or if non-hazardous wastes are proven tocause environmental or human health problems, the landfill operator shares legal liability with landfill customers.This means some operators are reluctant to accept many kinds of pesticide waste.

No liquids!

Front 128

Describe how you would manage and dispose of the different types of (non-hazardous) pesticide wastes we discuss in this chapter.

Back 128

Small amounts of certainliquids (that are not classifiedas hazardous) can be solidified

Treat spilled pesticide and contaminated soil or absorbent material as waste.

Clothes saturated with a pesticide concentrate. are a solid waste (if the pesticide is not listed as hazardous)—dispose of them in asanitary landfill.

Dispose of Dry materials through clean sweep program, or follow label instructions.

Front 129

List your options for disposing of hazardous waste.

Back 129

To reduce or avoid the generation of hazardous pesticide waste:

● Use pesticides that are not listed as hazardous.

● Triple rinse all pesticide containers.

● Follow waste reduction guidelines in Table 1.(pg 88)

Front 130

Explain the importance of emergency planning.

Back 130

An emergencyresponse plan can help protect the health andwelfare of employees and the community,minimize environmental damage, and potentiallyreduce liability in the event of an accident.

Front 131

Describe who you must report to if you do need to comply with these requirements.

Back 131

● The Wisconsin Emergency Management agency

● Your Local Emergency Planning Committee

Front 132

Explain what triggers your need to comply with emergency planning and Community Right-to-Know reporting requirements.

Back 132

Employers who are subject toOSHA’s Hazard CommunicationStandard

Front 133

List the main features of a facility site plan.

Back 133

A complete plan will include the SARAsubstances used and stored at your facility, phone numbers of emergency responsepersonnel, and a sketch of your facility showing the location of chemical and fuelstorage areas.

Front 134

Define what constitutes a spill.

Back 134

A spill is a release of a compound into the environment (e.g., air, water, soil) (not mixing pad) in any manner other than its intended use.

Front 135

List the agencies that you may need to report a spill to.

Back 135

Wisconsin EmergencyManagement (WEM) toll-free Wisconsin SpillHotline.

You should also make sureyour LEPC and DATCPare notified of the spill.

Front 136

Describe some of the conditions where you would need to report a spill.

Back 136

If the spill is not confined within secondary containment?

If the spill caused, or threatens to cause,adverse effects on human health or the environment.

If the spill does not meet the conditions forexemption from reporting in NR 706?

Front 137

List the “3 Cs” of spill management.

Back 137

Control the spill

Contain the spill

Clean up the spell

Front 138

Explain in more detail what to do in each of the 3 Cs stages.

Back 138

Control the spill- Immediately after a spill occurs, take steps to prevent further release of the material

Contain the spill- in as small anarea as possible. Construct adam to prevent the chemicalfrom spreading, and away from water.

Clean up the spill- get recommendations for the specificproduct spilled.

Front 139

Describe the type of assistance state agencies will provide for a spill event.

Back 139

Professionalsin your area will be notifiedand they can provide technicalassistance to you.

Technical guidancefrom the DNR and DATCPwill assist in containment andcleanup activities.

For small spills, cleanup instructions may be given directly toyou.

In the event of major spills or spills that may adversely affect human healthor environmental quality, emergency response personnel will assist in control andcontainment.

Front 140

List steps you can take to protect yourself and others when you apply pesticides.

Back 140

● Let at least one other person know where and when you will be applying apesticide, as well as what product you are applying.

● If you will be working in a remote location, plan ahead on how to get help ifsomething goes wrong. ●

If you must make emergency repairs on site, be sure that you are adequatelyprotected.

● Keep children, pets, livestock, and unauthorized people away from theapplication site and from pesticide equipment and containers.

Front 141

Outline your responsibilities for notifying a customer about a pesticide application.

Back 141

After you make any application for hire you must provide the customer with specificpost-application information in writing.

You may provide the information to the customer up to 30 days after the application.

Front 142

Explain who may enter a posted site during an REI.

Back 142

Noone may enter a posted site during an REI unless theymeet the requirements specified on the product label(usually this means wearing the proper PPE).

Front 143

Explain the situations when you might have to post a site before making anapplication.

Back 143

if there is any post-application precautions specified on the pesticide label that the customer needs to know about before 30 days , you must provide that information in time for the customer to take the required precautions.

Front 144

Define the terms “natural area” and “right-of-way” and discuss some differencesbetween the two.

Back 144

“natural area” means native, undeveloped or wild landand land that is preserved or restored and managed for its natural or native features,including parks, forests, and native grassland on public and private land.

A “right-of-way” is land used for, or adjacent to, areas of access or transportation,such as electric power lines, pipelines, railways, public roads or other similarpurposes. The primary purpose of vegetation management in right-of-ways is forsafety and visibility.

Front 145

Summarize the label information regarding pollinator protection.

Back 145

These products—mainlythe neonicotinoid insecticides—will feature a“pollinator protection box” advising users to lookfor restrictions on the product’s use indicatedwith a “bee icon

“Do not apply while bees are foraging.

Donot apply toplants that are flowering.

Onlyapply after all flower petals havefallen off.”

Front 146

Explain the regulations regarding the use of pesticides to control mammals or birds.

Back 146

To use pesticides to control mammals (other than rats or mice) or to control birdsyou must obtain a permit from the DNR

● If you want to use strychnine or 1080, you must obtain a permit from DATCP(Appendix A).

Front 147

Summarize the legal definition of a “landscape” and explain its significance topesticide applications you make in this certification category.

Back 147

Turf, ornamental, or mulched area, including an area beingprepared for such a purpose, that is in or around residentialpremises, public or commercial facilities, parks, workplaces,care facilities, recreational areas, or public lands.

Front 148

Outline your responsibilities for notifying a customer, a person on the landscaperegistry, or other interested persons about a pesticide application.

Back 148

If you are making a for hire application, you must offer in writing to provide certaininformation before you make the first application for your customer.

Review pages 112-113

Front 149

Describe the regulations for posting a treated site.

Back 149

Landscape signsneed to conformwith size and colorrequirementsfound in ATCP 29.

Front 150

Explain the regulations regarding to apply pesticides to water.

Back 150

If you wish to apply pesticides to water, you must first become certified inCategory 5.0, Aquatic and Mosquito. In addition to becoming certified, youoften also need a permit from the DNR.

Purple loosestrife treatments are exempt.

Front 151

List some of the different types of sprayers you might use and identify some of theircharacteristics.

Back 151

Hydraulic- uses water to carry pesticide

Small-Capacity- Backpack- spot spray

Trigger Pump- cut-stump

Front 152

List some of the main components of hydraulic sprayers and their importance.

Back 152

from large sprayers withmultiple-nozzle spray booms and power sprayers to small manual backpack andhand-held compressed-air sprayers. In all cases, pressure from either a pump orcompressed gas or air is used to atomize the spray mix at the nozzle.

Front 153

Outline the important characteristics of nozzles

Back 153

use nozzle tips made of a hard, wear-resistant material such as hardenedstainless steel or ceramic. Never brass!

Off center Flat fan nozzles areideal for spraying around signs,guard rails, and other obstacles.

Flat-fan nozzles and a swivel nozzle body areeffective devices for treating narrow stripsunder guardrails without producing significantdrift.

Front 154

List steps you can take before, during, and after spraying as well as prior to storinga sprayer to keep your equipment in good condition, ensure a proper application,manage rinsate, and protect waters of the state.

Back 154

At the beginning of each spraying season, thoroughly rinse the sprayer with cleanwater.

Check the spraying system for leaks. Measure the distance between the nozzle tipand target and adjust the boom accordingly.

Frequently check that the sprayer is operating at the same pressure and speed as usedwhen it was calibrated.

Clean the inside and outside of the sprayer thoroughly before switching to anotherpesticide

Rinse the inside walls with cleanwater. Then apply the water to the treated site.

Front 155

Explain the purpose of calibration.

Back 155

to ensure that your equipment delivers the correctrate of pesticide uniformly to the target site.

Front 156

List what variables affect the spray rate and how they do so.

Back 156

the nozzle flow rate and the ground speed of the sprayer

The flow rate through a nozzle varies with the operating pressure and the size of thenozzle tip.

Front 157

Outline the basic steps when making a backpack application on a percentage basis.

Back 157

the label will tellyou the amount of product to add in a specified volume of water or other carrier.

Combining a given amount ofeach results in a spray mix that contains a certain percentage of product.

Thereare also ready-to-use products that the manufacturer has prepared in the properconcentration.

You then spray the surface with sufficient spray mix to adequatelycover the area, but which will not allow dripping or run-off to occur.

Front 158

List the 3 controlling factors that make a uniform application for a backpack application.

Back 158

the nozzle size,

the pressure used,

and the time thenozzle is kept on the target area.

Front 159

Outline the steps needed to make an application on a per area basis with a backpack sprayer.

Back 159

Measure a test area of 10 feet by 25 feet (250 square feet).

Fill the sprayer with water to a level that is easily recognized.

Spray the pre-measured area using the same nozzle, pressure, and style that youwill use when applying the pesticide.

Refill the tank to the original water level. Record the volume (in ounces) of waterneeded to refill the tank.

Determine your spray rate (i.e., gallons per unit area).

Front 160

List the 4 basic stages in calibrating a broadcast sprayer.

Back 160

1. Check that the nozzle flow rate is about the same for each nozzle on the boom.

2. Check that the spray pattern is uniform.

3. Adjust operating pressure and sprayer ground speed to get the spray rate (gallonsper unit area, such as 1 acre or 1,000 square feet) within the desired range.

4. Determine how much pesticide and water you need to add to the spray tank.

Front 161

Describe how to obtain a uniform spray pattern with a broadcast sprayer.

Back 161

calibrate your sprayer.

Front 162

Explain the importance of calibration.

Back 162

● Effective pest control,

● Protecting human health and the environment,

● Protecting household pets from poisoning,

● Preventing damage to treated surfaces, excess residue, or food contamination,

● Preventing waste of pesticide (e.g., by overapplication; or by underapplication,which may require a second application; leftover spray mix) thus saving money

● Complying with the law (it is illegal to apply pesticides at rates higher than statedon the label).

Front 163

List ways that a pesticide can move from the site of application.

Back 163

● Volatilize (turn into a gas) from treated surfaces,

● Be rinsed off a treated surface and enter the soil,

● Be incorporated into the soil with plant residues

● Be taken from the site as residue on plant parts,

● Be carried laterally by runoff or soil erosion,

● Leach through the soil, or

● Be ingested by an animal that eats a pest that was treated with the pesticide.

Front 164

Describe how different characteristics of pesticides (e.g. adsorption, solubility, etc.) can affect movement of a pesticide from a target site.

Back 164

Highly soluble pesticides dissolve easily and are more likely to move with water in surface runoff.

Thosethat are strongly adsorbed are less likely to be carried from the treated area by waterrunoff or to leach through the soil into the groundwater. They may, however, bemoved readily by soil erosion.

Volatility increases as the temperature andwind increase.

Thelonger a pesticide persists, the morechance it will have to move from thetarget site.

Pesticides vary substantially in theirsusceptibility to degradation and theenvironment breaks down pesticides indifferent ways

Front 165

Explain ways that pesticides can end up in animals (including humans).

Back 165

Biomagnification

Bioaccumulation

Front 166

Explain how pesticides can get into surface or groundwater

Back 166

Spilled pesticides can be carried or leached down to groundwater bywater moving through the soil. Once a contaminant reaches the water table, it willflow with the groundwater, although not necessarily at the same rate because somecompounds interact with the soils and rocks.

Front 167

Outline how pesticide characteristics and site conditions effect the movement ofpesticides.

Back 167

Pesticides that strongly adsorb to soil particlesare less likely to leach to groundwater than thosethat do not. The solubility of a pesticide in wateraffects whether it will be flushed from the soiland carried away by runoff or leaching waters.Finally, the greater a pesticide’s persistence,the greater the chance that it will eventually becarried into groundwater.

A deep soil that has a high organic mattercontent, a medium-to-fine texture (silty orclayey), and good structure and drainage isrelatively good at capturing pesticides until theycan be broken down by microbes. Some subsoilsmay also be good at capturing pesticides providedthe water table is not too close to the surface.Sands, gravels, and bedrock with large fractures,however, allow leaching contaminants to movedownward with little chance for further filtering

Front 168

List some management practices that help prevent contamination of surface andgroundwater.

Back 168

Securing pesticide containers in the back of a vehicle to prevent spills duringtransport,

● Storing pesticides over an impermeable floor and checking frequently fordamaged containers,

● Storing bulk pesticides in secondary containment,

● Mixing or loading pesticides only over an impermeable pad,

● Using an air gap or backflow protection device to protect your water supply whenyou mix pesticides, and

● Disposing of pesticide waste properly.

Front 169

Summarize how application practices effect the chance for surface and groundwatercontamination.

Back 169

t makes sense that the more pesticide you apply (either in terms of frequency orproduct rate), the more likely it is that some will move from the application siteand into the groundwater. Therefore, apply pesticides only when necessary, usepesticides that are less likely to leach to groundwater, use the lowest effective productrate, and calibrate your equipment so you do not overapply pesticides.

Front 170

Define the terms point and non-point source pollution.

Back 170

Point- comesfrom a specific, identifiable place

Non-point- comes from a widespread area.

Front 171

Define overspray

Back 171

the direct application of pesticide beyond the boundaries of the targetarea.

Front 172

Explain Wisconsin’s regulations regarding overspray and drift.

Back 172

+ Overspray is prohibited under all circumstances.

+ Significantdriftisconsideredanegligent,prosecutableaction.

+ Theapplicatorisresponsibleforpreventingoversprayanddrift.

Front 173

Compare the difference between particle drift and vapor drift.

Back 173

Drift may occur in the form of spray droplets (particle drift) or fumes (vapor drift).Vapor drift occurs when a volatile pesticide changes from a solid or liquid to a gasand the fumes move from the target area. Pesticide vapor may drift farther and overa longer time than spray droplets. Certain herbicide formulations have damagedplants miles from the application site.

Front 174

Describe the relation of Weather conditions, including wind, air stability, temperature and humidity to drift:

Back 174

Pesticide labels often tell you not to spray whenthe wind speed is above a certain threshold. Try to spray early in the morning or inthe evening because wind speeds are usually lowest at these times.

Air movement largely determines the distribution of spray droplets. We recognizethe importance of lateral air movement from wind, but often overlook vertical airmovement.

Low relative humidity and/or high temperature increases the evaporation rate ofwater from spray droplets.

Front 175

Describe the relation Application-related factors that influence droplet size to drift

Back 175

Droplet size is the most important factor affecting drift from aerial applications. Therelationship is simple: drift increases as droplet size decreases

Front 176

Define Drift

Back 176

the movement of pesticide in air currents onto property beyond theboundaries of the target area.