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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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normal BP
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120/80
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prehypertension
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120-139/80-89
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hypertension stage I
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140-159/90-99
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which populations could benefit most from lower salt
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japenese farmers (north)
Older patients african americans, Obese, diabetics, hypertensive patients, |
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Sodium affect on BP
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increases water intake and retention therefore increases Plasma volume, CO and arterial pressure
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fish oil
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lower bp
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Ca/K and fiber
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inverse relationships with BP (but only Ca if deficient- controversal) not if adequate
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why is it better to prevent hypertension before it starts
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Treating hypertension lowers one’s risk of heart attacks or stroke but a treated patient still has twice the risk of disease as someone who has never had high blood pressure.
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Life span
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longest period that an organism can live
M-116 F-122 |
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Human life expectancy
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average person can expect to live
avg: 78 (males 75 women 80) |
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HALE
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healthy life expectancy- number of years one can expect to live in "full health"
M- 67 W- 71 |
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Maximize Hale
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healthy weight
active everyday Supplement D3, B12, Calcium avoid excess salt, nitrates, smoked foods low sat. fat diet |
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Ghrelin
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Fasting stimulates the release from the stomach
Increases appetite (NPY) |
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
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Release triggered by glucose & fat in meal
Decreases appetite (increase a-MSH) Byetta (GLP-1 mimetic) increases insulin release, if glucose is present, & decreases appetite |
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Release triggered by lipids and AA in meal
Decreases appetite in NTS satiety center |
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Vagus nerve
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monitors distension of stomach & intestine
Decreases appetite in NTS satiety center |
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Peptide YY (PYY)
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PYY released in response to food ingestion, especially protein Levels decrease with fasting
Binds NPY receptors and decreases appetite |
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Leptin Deficiency
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A genetic deficiency of leptin or
its receptor (MC4R) will result in morbid obesity Rare, monogenic cause of obesity Daily injections of recombinant leptin resulted in weight loss Sleep deprivation is correlated with a decrease in leptin and an increase in ghrelin |
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Adiponectin
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peptide hormone whose levels are inversely related to percent body fat
promoted by TZD promotes insulin sensitivity hyperplasia of adipocytes anti-inflammatory activity increses AMPK |
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TNFa IL-1 and IL-6
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inhibit insulin action
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methotrexate
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an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, and is used in chemotherapy regimens for a variety of cancers. STOP GROWTH
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Megaloblastic Anemia
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RBCs are sensitive to folate deficiencies- decreased proliferation and death of RBCs
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Cobalamin (vit B12)
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cofactor for the enzyme homocysteine methyltransferase
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homocysteine methyltransferase
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transfers N5 methyl THF (carries the methyl group) to homocysteine forming methionine
THF is recycled |
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SAMe
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widely used methyl donor, highly reactive, substrate! not enzyme
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Folate
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fruits and veggies
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Vit B12
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animal products
a deficiency may exhibit folate deficiency- not available Folate trap! SHOWS neuropathy! |
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How does alcohol interfere with accelerated folate deficiency?
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decreased recycling by
decreased expression of conjugate enzymes and decreases expression of folate carrier proteins also inpairs reabsorption of circulating folate in the kidney |
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consequences of B12 deficiency
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N5Methyl-THF accumulates
SAMe decreases because homocysteine methyltransferase cant work! |
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Transsulfuration Pathway
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homocysteine forms cysteine via cystathione synthase enzyme. Vit B6 is required
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cystathione synthase
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allosterically activated by SAMe
prevent methionine from being synthesized |
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Homocysteinemia
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elevated levels are a risk factor for atherosclerosis and DVT
mutation in enzyme that makes n5Methyl THF- reductase |
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Mutations in cystathione synthase
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give rise to a much more severe elevations in plasma homocysteine that results in increased urinary homocysteine
(homocystinuria). This disorder can cause developmental delay, osteoporosis, ocular abnormalities, and premature atherosclerosis |
