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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the three main soil elements that would likely be deficient in sandy soil in a high rainfall area.
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In sandy soil in a high rainfall site, the soils may be deficient of potassium, calcium, and sulfur.
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Describe the type of soil and climate that would be deficient of calcium, potassium, and sulfur.
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Sandy soils with high rainfall would be deficient of potassium, calcium, and sulfur.
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What element would be low in an environment of frequently tilled, shallow soils in a low rainfall area.
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Nitrogen would below in a frequently tilled, shallow soiled, low rainfall area.
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Describe the type of soil and climate that would be low in nitrogen.
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Shallow soils that are frequently tilled in an area with low rainfall are apt to be low in nitrogen.
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What is the equation for measuring planting density?
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The equation for measuring planting density is planting density = number of rows x number of vines in each row.
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Comment on the density of planting that would be ideal for a site with poor soils.
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In a site with poor soils, it would be desirable to plant in high densities.
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State the most important rule about the widths of the alleys between the rows as it pertains to the sunlight available to the fruiting zones of the vines.
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Alleys should never be narrower than than the heights of the row canopies to ensure that the heights do not shade the fruiting zones from sunlight.
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Given the proper distance between planted vines, state the desired shoot density per metre.
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Given the proper distance between vines, the desired shoot density is 15 shoots per metre.
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In cool climates, what direction would you orient your rows and why?
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In cool climates, it would be desirable to orient your rows in a north-east direction in order to intercept morning sun from the east and dusk sun from the west.
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What was the turning point where random arrangements of untrellised vines on individual stakes gave way to more efficient composition of trellised rows in straight lines?
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The turning point that changed the composition of many vineyards from random arrangements of untrellised single-staked vines into organized trellised rows was the arrival of phylloxera.
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Describe a trellising system that might be used for a low vigour, low potential vineyard site.
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In a low vigour, low potential site, the most appropriate trellising system would be one with a simple post at the end of the row with interim posts connected along the row by a single wire.
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Describe the vigour and potential of the site where a trellising system consisting of posts connected by a single wire would be used.
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A series of posts connected by a single wire would be most likely employed in a low vigour, low potential site.
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Describe a trellising system that might be used for a high vigour, high potential vineyard site.
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In a high vigour, high potential site, the most appropriate trellising system would be a complex, multi-wired system.
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Describe the vigour and potential of a site where a complex trellising system consisting of many wires is used.
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A site where a complex multi-wired system would be one of high vigour and high potential.
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What is the main reason that one would adopt a more complex trellising system?
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The main reason that one would adopt a more complex trellising system would be controlling both vigour and vineyard disease.
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In terms of trellising philosophy, what is the oldest and least expensive way of growing a vine?
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The oldest and least expensive way of growing a vine is the bush or free-standing vine.
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Name a famous region where bush vines are cane-pruned and the canes are tied together at the top to form a basket.
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A region where bush vines are cane pruned and then tied together to form a basket is in Santorini, Greece.
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Name two advantages of utilizing untrellised bush vines.
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Untrellised bush vines will offer shade to the bunches in warmer mediterranean climates. The cost of maintenance are low.
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Name three drawbacks of utilizing untrellised bush vines.
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Untrellised bush vines will produce a low yield. They are more prone to disease due to less air circulation though the canopy. Pruning and harvesting must be done manually.
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Describe what a vine looks like when it has been 'cordon-trained'.
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A cordon trained vine has a gobelet-styled trunk with two permanent, horizontal cordons. These cordons bear a number of spurs that are seasonally pruned.
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Describe what a vine looks like when it has been 'head-trained'.
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A head-trained vine has a gobelet-styled trunk with no permanent wood extending from the trunk. Rather, the lignified canes from the previous season are horizontally fixed on wires to shoot upwards or downwards.
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What is the main drawback of using a single wire trellising system?
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The main drawback of using a single wire trellising system is that the new shoots will often hang down to be subsequently scorched by the sun.
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What idea of training was developed to prevent hanging shoots from having their fruit being scorched by the sun?
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Once it was identified that single wire training systems had new shoots hanging and the fruit would get sunburned, the idea was to employ a multi-wired trellising system and train them upward.
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What is the most widely used training system in the world?
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The most widely used training system in the world is the two-wired vertical trellising system.
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What is the California sprawl?
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The California sprawl is a multi-wired trellising system that consists of a fruiting wire below a foliage wire.
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What is the reason that the VSP trellising system would be used in sites prone to fungal disease?
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VSP is used in sites prone to fungal disease to keep the foliage dry by training it up off the ground.
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Why is the VSP trellising system unsuitable for high density, high potential sites?
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The VSP trellising system is unsuitable for high density, high potential sites because the shoot density encouraged by this training method is very high so the berries are prone to shade and inadequate phenolic development.
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Where was the Scott Henry trellising system developed?
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The Scott Henry trellising system was developed in Oregon.
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Describe the Scott Henry trellising system as it pertains to VSP philosophy in high potential and high vigour sites.
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The Scott Henry training system would be used in high potential and high vigour sites because the leaf exposure to the sun is increased through this method. Originally designed for cane pruning, high foliage wires and low foliage wires allow the shoots to grow both upwards and downwards.
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Why do the alleys between rows need to be wide if employing the Scott Henry training system?
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The alleys between rows need to be wide when employing the Scott Henry training system to ensure that the fruiting zone nearer to the ground is exposed to sun.
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Describe the Smart-Dyson trellising system.
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The Smart Dyson trellising system relies on a cordon trained with upward and downward pointing spurs. Above and below the cordon are fruiting and foliage wires.
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What is the difference between Scott Henry and Smart-Dyson trellising system? Remembering that both look to focus shoot growth upward and downward.
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The difference between the Scott Henry and Smart Dyson trellising system is that the Scott Henry system is head trained and cane pruned, while the Smart Dyson trellising system is cordon trained and spur pruned.
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What are the three main advantages of using the Scott Henry or Smart-Dyson training systems over the standard VSP training system?
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By using the Scott Henry or Smart-Dyson training system, the canopy surface area is increased to allow for increased photosynthesis. The density of shoots are halved because some are trained up and some are trained down. The downward training actually promotes a devigorating effect.
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What are two drawbacks of installing the Scott Henry or Smart-Dyson trellising system?
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The cost of installment and expertise of working are greatly increased.
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Describe the potential of the site where one would install a Scott Henry or Smart-Dyson trellising system.
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It would be a moderate potential site where you would use a Scott Henry or Smart-Dyson trellising system.
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What trellising system would you use in a moderate potential site?
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In a moderate potential site, you would use a Scott Henry or Smart-Dyson trellising system.
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Name three trellising systems that you would use in a high potential site.
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In a high potential site, you might use the Geneva Double Curtain, the U or Lyre, and the overhead Pergola System.
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Describe the potential of the site where you might employ a Geneva Double Curtain, a U or Lyre, or overhead Pergola system.
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You would use these trellising systems in a high-potential site.
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Describe a Geneva Double Curtain trellising system.
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A Geneva Double Curtain trellising system is a divided trellis with the shoots trained downward. It is a cordon trained, spur pruned method.
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Comment about the downward shoot positions as it pertains to the vigour of the vines.
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Downward shoot positioning has been shown to cause considerable shoot devigoration.
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Describe the GDC trellising system as it pertains to the availability of sunlight.
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The GDC trellising system exposes the canopy and fruit to greater amounts of sunlight than if they had been VSP trained.
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The drawbacks to using GDC are the same as Scott Henry or Smart-Dyson...what are they?
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The drawbacks to using the GDC are the expense of the materials and the experience needed to prepare the site in such a fashion.
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Describe the U or Lyre trellising system.
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The U or Lyre trellising system is a divided trellis with the shoots trained upward. It is cordon trained and spur pruned.
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Describe the maintenance required in adressing the 'U' or centre part of the Lyre trellising system.
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The centre 'U' in Lyre trellising needs to be clean and open with good fruit and leaf exposure.
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Describe a pergola trellising system.
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A pergola trellising system is an overhead system where trunks are grown to over 2m high and the shoots allowed to grow on tall structures and support wires. They can be either cane or spur pruned.
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Why is a pergola system unsuitable for a high potential site?
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A high potential site forms dense canopies that will lead to shading problems and increase in the threat of oidium or botrytis.
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What is the first step one would take in the preparation of a new site?
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When preparing a new site, the essential first step is to remove existing vegetation.
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Why should trees be uprooted rather than simple being cut down?
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Since tree roots could potentially harbour fungal disease, they should be uprooted.
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What is glyphosate?
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Glyphosate is a non-residual herbicide.
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Name a non-residual herbicide that growers might use to rid their site of troublesome weeds.
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Glyphosate.
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Once the excess vegetation is uprooted from a new site, what is the best way to dispose of them?
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Once the excess vegetation has been uprooted from the site, the best way of disposal is to burn them on the spot.
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What actions would you enact on the topsoil and subsoil if it is found that dips in the land are causing puddling?
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If you find that dips in the land are causing puddling, topsoil should be removed, the subsoil levelled, and then the topsoil replaced.
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If it is found that a high risk of erosion is present, what are some steps that could be taken to address this problem?
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If a high risk of erosion is present, trees could be planted, ditches can be dug, and vine planting could be focussed along the existing contours.
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When doing soil tests of a new site, what element will it never be necessary to add as it will leach out to quickly to be effective?
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It will never be necessary to correct for a nitogen deficiency in soil as it would leach out too quickly to be effective.
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What is dolomite?
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Dolomite is a mixture of calcite and magnesite.
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What is produced when calcite and magnesite are mixed?
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When calcite and magnesite are mixed, dolomite is produced.
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When doing soil tests on new sites, the pH should be observed above what measurement? If it is not at that level, what should be added to the soil to correct this?
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When assessing the the soil of a new site, the pH should be observed to be above 6.5. If it is not at this level, calcite, magnesite, or dolomite should be added to correct this.
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What compound can be added to the soil to improve its structure?
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Gypsum
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Why would you add gypsum to soil?
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You would add gypsum to soil to improve its structure.
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Prior to planting, when would you plough the soils to bury existing vegetation, incorporate fertilizers, and increase aeration and drainage? Why?
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Prior to planting, ploughing should take place in the autumn so the soil structure benefits from the freeze and thaw of the nearing winter.
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New cultivation must be done on dry, damp, or wet soils?
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New cultivation must take place on dry soils.
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If one does not wish to disinfect the soils of a new site to kill nematodes, how much time is required to leave the land fallow to ensure that nematodes won't be an issue?
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If you do not wish to disinfect the soil, the land must be left fallow for 5-8 years to ensure safety from nematodes.
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If a slope is steeper than this degree, terracing should be considered.
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If a slop is steeper than 20degrees should terracing be considered.
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Describe some advantages to plastic mulching. Consider drought conditions, competition for nutrients, soil structure and temperature.
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Using plastic mulching ensures that young plants will not suffer from drought. There is no competition for nutrients with other weeds. The soil structure is well maintained and the overall temperature is increased to a point where microbial activity is encouraged.
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While plastic mulching has its advantages, name some drawbacks of using this method. Think expense, frost risk, pests, eventual removal, root systems.
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The drawbacks of plastic mulching is that it's expensive. The quick growing plants are prone to frost. Slugs, mice, and snakes hang around. The removal of the plastic is arduous. Finally, the root systems that develop are not incredibly strong.
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What is an alternative that can be used to plant rooted cuttings other than plastic mulching?
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An alternative to plastic mulching are tree guards in the form of tubes or sleeves.
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Why is it important to control weeds in a vineyard?
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It is important to control weeds in a vineyard as they compete with vines for water and soil space.
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How are vines protected from slugs and snails?
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Slug pellets are used to control slugs and snails.
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What is the number of flowers (bunches) on a vine shoot determined by? (This will be a situation occurring the previous year)
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The number of flowers on a vine shoot is determined by the conditions at floral initiation during the previous year.
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What happens to the individual vigor of the buds as the total number of buds left unpruned increases?
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As the total number of buds left unpruned increases, the vigor of those buds decreases.
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What is the idea number of shoots per metre?
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The ideal number of shoots per metre is 15 shoots per metre.
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The measurement of a vine's vigor is determined by the weight of what?
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The measurement of a vine's vigor is determined by the weight of wood that it produces in one year.
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Describe the ideal shoot. Consider thickness of shoot, total number of nodes, and the internodal length.
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The ideal shoot will be about the thickness of a pencil with 12-15 nodes that are spaced out 60mm apart.
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What are two methods of calculating how many buds to leave on a vine during winter pruning?
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One method of calculating how many buds to leave on a vine is to count the number of ideal shoots that were produced in the previous season. Average this number by considering small shoots as half and big shoots as 2 or 3. Another technique is to remove most of the canes from the vines and weigh them. Then divide this weight by 30-40.
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Define canopy management and state its ultimate goal.
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Canopy management is the organisation of shoots, leaves, and fruit to maximize the quality of the microclimate, leaves, and shoots. The ultimate aim of canopy management is to improve quality and yield and reducing the risk of disease.
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How does shade affect floral initiation?
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Shade reduces the productivity of floral initiation.
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When diagnosing a vine to measure the quality of a vine's canopy, what are some things to look for?
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The leaf layer number (the thickness of the canopy). The percentage of exposed grape clusters. The leaf size and colour. The presence of lateral shoots. The percentage of active shoots.
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Describe the soil depth, the fertility, the water supply and nutrient availability of a high potential site.
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A high potential site will have deep (>1m) soil that is fertile. It will have good water supply and high nutrient levels.
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What kind of training system would be desirable if you endeavoured to plant a high potential site very densely. How about if you endeavored to plant it less densely?
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If you planned to plant a high potential site very densely, you might consider a simple training system that would ensure even and balanced nutrient distribution. If you were to plant a high potential site in a low density, you would probably wish to employ a highly complex big vine system such as a geneva double curtain.
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Describe a medium potential site in terms of soil depth and ferility. State a fact about water supply and nutrient availability.
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In a medium potential site, soils 0.5 - 1m deep would have average fertility and adequate access to water and nutrients.
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Describe the planting density that you would desire in a site of medium potential. Say what trellising systems would be good for a medium potential site.
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In a medium potential site, you would plant at medium density with a lyre, Scott Henry or VSP trellising system.
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Describe a low potential site in terms of soil depth and fertility. State a fact about water supply and nutrient availability.
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In a low potential site, soils are <5m deep and they have poor water accessibility and low fertility.
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What planting density would you aim for in a low potential site? What trellising systems would be useful?
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In a low potential site, aim for a high planting density using systems such as VSP with single or double guyot (replacement cane) or cordon.
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What number of plants/ha would be considered a low planting density?
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<3,000 plants/ha would be a low planting density.
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What number of plants/ha would be considered a moderate planting density?
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3,000 - 5,000 plants/ha would be a moderate planting density.
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What number of plants/ha would be considered a high planting density?
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>5,000 plants/ha would be a high planting density.
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Describe the planting density of a site planted with <3,000 plants/ha.
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A site with a planting density of <3,000 plants/ha would be considered having a low planting density.
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Describe the planting density of a site planted with 3,000 - 5,000 plants/ha.
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A site with a planting density of 3,000 - 5,000 plants/ha would be considered having a low planting density.
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Describe the planting density of a site that has >5,000 plants/ha.
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A site with a planting density of >5,000 plants/ha would be considered having a high planting density.
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Suppose a site has low potential and arid water conditions, what degree of planting density would you aim for?
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If a site has a low potential, and arid water conditions, you would aim for a low planting density.
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What is more difficult to control: excessively low vigor, or excessively high vigour?
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Excessively high vigour is more difficult to control.
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Name three reasons why you might experience excessively low vigor.
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You might experience excessively low vigour due to drought stress, inadequate fertility in the soils and the onset of disease.
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If experiencing excessively high vigor on your site, name a moderating tactic involving rootstocks.
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May move to a lower vigor rootstock.
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If experiencing excessively high vigor on your site, name a moderating tactic involving water stress.
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Increase the water stress if planted in an irrigated vineyard.
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If experiencing excessively high vigor on your site, name a moderating tactic involving density of planting.
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Increase the density of planting, but remembering that this tactic is only useful in low potential sites.
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If experiencing excessively high vigor on your site, name a moderating tactic involving uprooting.
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Uproot ever second vine in order that the existing vines will spread along a greater length of trellis to reduce shoot vigour and canopy density.
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If experiencing excessively high vigor on your site, name a moderating tactic involving root pruning.
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Run a subsoiling tine through your vineyard to sever excess roots.
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If experiencing excessively high vigor on your site, name a moderating tactic involving trellising.
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Retrofit a more complex trellising system.
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If experiencing excessively high vigor on your site, name a moderating tactic involving pinching.
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Remove shoot tips around the time of flowering to aim to achieve uniform shoot growth and berry set.
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What is the most costly manual intervention in the vineyard?
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Harvesting is the most costly manual intervention in the vineyard.
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Beyond harvesting, what is the second most costly manual intervention in the vineyard?
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Beyond harvesting, winter pruning is the second most costly intervention in the vineyard.
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What are the two most common forms of winter pruning?
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The two most common forms of winter pruning are spur pruning and (replacement) cane pruning.
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Comment about the growth of shoots, size of yields, and quality of fruit on an un-pruned vine.
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On an un-pruned vine, there will grow many short shoots, there will be large, tho irregular yields, and the quality of fruit will be poor.
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The Guyot system is AKA...
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The Guyot system is also known as (replacement) cane pruning.
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(Replacement) Cane pruning is AKA...
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(Replacement) Cane pruning is also known as the Guyot system.
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Describe what wood is left on the trunk after winter pruning if endeavoring to achieve a single Guyot.
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If looking to achieve a single Guyot, there will be one cane and one spur left after winter pruning.
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Describe what wood is left on the trunk after winter pruning if endeavoring to achieve a double Guyot.
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If looking to achieve a double Guyot, there will be two canes and two spurs left after winter pruning.
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In a Guyot system, even though it's a cane pruning method, why do you leave a spur?
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In a Guyot system, the spurs will produce shoots that can be used as canes the following year so that the permanent wood of the vine will not creep further and further along the trellising wire every year.
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What is the main advantage of utilizing replacement cane pruning?
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The main advantage of using replacement cant pruning is that carbohydrate reserves are kept low (due to less volume of permanent wood) and this reduces overall vigour.
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What is the main disadvantage of using replacement can pruning?
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The main disadvantage of using replacement can pruning is that it requires an extraordinary amount of skill and time.
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When pruning Guyot-style, should you select the cane or the spur first?
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When pruning Guyot style, you should always select the spur first.
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Considering a cane, where where the first buds break and where will they be their most vigerous?
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On a cane, the buds nearest the end will break first and with more vigour than the ones nearest the trunk.
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Why would one be cautious not to prune a cane too long?
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A cane should not be pruned long as there will be a noticeable difference in the vigour of the shoots along the cane. The less that this difference is experienced, the better that the vigour will be balanced.
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Why would you tie a cane down arched 'pendelbogen'?
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You would tie a cane down arched to regulate shoot vigour along the entire length of the cane.
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What is it called when you tie a cane down arched in order to regulate the vigour of the shoots along the entire cane?
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It is called 'pendelbogen' when you tie a cane arched to regulate the vigour of the shoots along the entire cane.
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What is the most common cordon system?
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The most common cordon system is the Cordon de Royat.
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Describe a Cordon de Royat system.
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A Cordon de Royat system is a cordon trained system where one or two cordons are trained horizontally and then spur pruned to achieve new vertical shoots every year.
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Name some advantages to using a cordon system.
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Cordon systems are easier to prune. They retain a larger mass of permanent wood which means that they store a larger volume of carbohydrate reserves.
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Name the main disadvantage of using a cordon system.
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When using a cordon system, there is a large volume of stored carbohydrates and this will produce vines that are more vigerous.
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Describe the buds that are most fruitful in terms of when they were formed.
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The buds formed in the previous year will be the most fruitful.
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In an environment prone to frost, describe when ideal to prune.
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Since earlier pruning results in earlier budburst, the later you prune might result in more success in an area prone to frost.
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When does 'trimming' ordinarily take place?
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Trimming ordinarily takes place in July.
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Define the reason behind 'trimming' when it comes to shoot growth and berry development
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Trimming aims to control excess shoot growth and stimulate berry development.
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When should shoot-positioning take place? Define the window by noting the two events between which it should occur.
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Shoot-positioning should take place after the risk of spring frost, but before flowering.
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Define the process of bud-rubbing.
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Bud-rubbing is the removal of a potentially undesirable shoot before it has the chance to grow.
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What is it called when you remove a potentially undesirable shoot before it has the chance to grow?
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Removing a potentially undesirable shoot before it has the chance to grow is called bud rubbing.
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Define the process of 'tucking in' and describe what it aims to do.
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'Tucking in' is organizing and tucking the shoots between the foliage wires. It aims to organize the canopy as well as helps to facilitate mechanization.
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When speaking of 'leaf-stripping' where on the vine is it typically carried out? Between what two significant events in the vineyard does 'leaf-stripping' take place?
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When speaking of leaf stripping, we speak of the removal of leaves around the fruiting zone. This process it typically carried out between veraison and harvest.
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Define the process of 'green-harvesting'
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Green-harvesting is the removal of bunches in order for the remaining bunches to ripen more evenly and fully.
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When green harvesting, where on the vines are located the bunches most likely to be removed?
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When green-harvesting, the bunches on laterals and those nearest the shoot tips are first removed.
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What event in the vineyard signals a correct time to enact green harvesting? What would the effects be of enacting before or after this event?
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In the vineyard, when veraison occurs is the best time to enact a green harvest. Should you green harvest before veraison, the vines react by increasing berry size and diluting flavour. Should you green harvest after veraison, the sugars have already moved their maximum potential into the berries and the tactic would be pointless.
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Chlorosis in the vine (yellowing of the leaves) is caused by the deficiency of what four elemental macronutrients?
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Iron, sulphur, magnesium, and nitrogen.
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When a vine has a deficiency of iron, magnesium, sulphur, or nitrogen, what vineyard disease may be contracted? What are the symptoms of this disease?
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The disease that may be contracted is that of Chlorosis. The symptom to the vinegrower will be a yellowing of the foliage.
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If one notices reduced vigor on the vines, this may indicate a lack of what element of the macronutrients in the soil?
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If a vine is reduced in vigour, this may indicate a lack of nitrogen in the soil.
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A lack of the macronutrient nitrogen in the soil might cause what symptom in the vineyard?
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A lack of nitrogen in the soil may cause a reduction in the vigour of the vine.
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If one notices significant foliage colouration in all different directions, what element of the soils macronutrients might be lacking?
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If one notices significant foliage colouration, the soil might be lacking potassium.
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A lack of the macronutrient potassium may show up as what symptom in the vineyard?
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A lack of potassium may cause significant foliage colouration in all different directions.
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If one notices gradual shoot growth reduction with low fruit set and low bunch quantity with yellowing and sometimes red spots on leaves, what element of the soils macronutrients might be lacking?
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If noticing a reduction in shoot growth as well as poor fruit set and quantity accompanied by yellowing of the leaves with red spotting, the soil may be lacking phosphorus.
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A lack of the macronutrient phosphorus may show up as what symptom in the vineyard?
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A lack of phosphorus will cause a reduction in shoot growth, low fruit set and quantity as well as yellowing of the leaves with red spots.
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Because this element of the soil's macronutrients is so closely attached to chlorophyll, its only symptom is a yellowing of the leaves in white varieties and a reddening of the leaves in red varieties.
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The essential element of a soil's macronutrients that is closely attached to chlorophyll is magnesium.
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A lack of the macronutrient magnesium may show up as what symptom in the vineyard?
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A lack of magnesium will show up as a yellowing of the leaves in white varieties and a reddening of the leaves in red varieties.
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How often is a full soil analysis said to be essential?
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A full soil analysis is thought be essential every 2-3 years.
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What is a petiole?
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A petiole is the stem of the leaf that attaches the blade to the shoot.
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To confirm the visual symptoms of a possible deficiency in a soils nutrients, what part of the vine might be most useful in confirming the condition?
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In confirming the possible deficiencies in a soil's nutrients, look to the leaves and the petioles in order to understand the health of the vine.
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When is the vine's demand for nitrogen at its highest?
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The vine's demand for nitrogen is at its highest in the spring just before flowering.
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What elements of the soil's macronutrients are ordinarily added in the autumn?
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In autumn, phosphorus and potassium are added.
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If nitrogen is most commonly added to the soils in spring to aid in flowering, when is potassium and phosphorus added?
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Potassium and phosphorus are added most commonly in the autumn.
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Contrast a straight fertiliser with a compond fertiliser.
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A straight fertiliser will contain only one plant nutrient while a compound fertiliser will contain two or more of a plant nutrient.
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What is 'green manure'?
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Green manure is the ploughing of cover crops to increase the organic content and nutrient level of the soil.
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What is it called when cover crops are grown and ploughed to increase the organic matter and nutrient level of the soil?
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When cover crops are grown and ploughed to increase the organic matter and nutrient level of the soil, it's called green manure.
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What is the most common cover crop used in vineyards?
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The most common crop used in vineyards is white mustard.
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What cover crop would you use in order to increase the nitrogen content of the soil?
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In order to increase the nitrogen content of the soil, a cover crop that would be selected is vetch.
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When would you select vetch as a cover crop?
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Vetch would be selected as a cover crop when you desired to increase the nitrogen content of the soil
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While weeds have fairly obvious disadvantages such as competing with vines for nutrients and water, smothering parts of vines, increasing frost risk, and hosting pests and diseases, name some advantages of having weeds around.
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Some advantages of weeds are: prevent soil erosion, prevent nitrate leeching, reduce vine vigour, improve soil structure and stability, proper use of indicator weeds could give advance warning of diseases and nutrient deficiencies.
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Soil cultivation has many advantages such as weed control, fertilizer effectiveness, the control of soil compaction, an increase in soil evaporation in damp climates. Describe when it is best to cultivate soil in terms of the wetness of soil and the activity of the vine roots.
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It is best to cultivate soil when the soil is not wet in order to preserve its structure. The vine roots should be active to reap the greatest uptake of nutrients released during cultivation.
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In chalky soils, soil cultivation increases or decreases the risk of chlorosis?
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In chalky soils, cultivation increases the risk of chlorosis.
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When are cover crops best sown?
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Cover crops are best sown in the autumn.
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No-till cultivation is AKA
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Chemical weed control
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Chemical weed control is AKA
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No-till cultivation
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Describe pre-emergence herbicides in terms of where they affect the soil and how they are effective in dealing with weeds.
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Pre-emergence herbicides are trapped in the upper layers of the soil. They are absorbed through the roots and they inhibit photosynthesis in seedlings.
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When are pre-emergence herbicides best applied?
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Pre-emergence herbicides are best applied at budburst.
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Contact herbicides have two other names. What are they?
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The two other names to mean contact herbicides are 'wilters' or 'knockdown'.
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'Wilters' or 'knockdown' are names applied to what type of herbicide?
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Wilters or knockdown are names given to contact herbicides.
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What part of the plant do contact herbicides 'wilters,knockdown' affect?
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Contact herbicides affect the green organs of the plant upon which they land.
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What do contact herbicides do?
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Contact herbicides destroy the part of the plant upon which they land.
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Will a contact herbicide take out a plant with a well established root system? Why or why not?
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A contact herbicide probably will not take down a plant with a well-established root system because the contact herbicide is developed only to kill the portion of the plant upon which it lands.
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Describe the effect of spraying a systemic herbicide on a plant.
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By spraying a systemic herbicide on a plant, the chemical is absorbed by the leaves and translocated through the sap to destroy the plant in all aspects.
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Contrast a pre-emergence herbicide, a contact herbicide, and a systemic herbicide by describing their effect on a vine.
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A pre-emergence herbicide is meant to be spread before budburst to attack the root systems of young weeds to inhibit photosynthesis. Contact herbicides are much more localized and they will destroy the part of the plant upon which they are sprayed and are unlikely to affect much more of the vine. Systemic herbicides will be absorbed through the leaves and translocated through the plant to prevent root growth and destroy chlorophyll.
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If perennial weeds are present, what herbicide should be selected and when should it be applied?
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If perennial weeds are present, systemic herbicides should be applied after leaf-fall.
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Describe the type of herbicide that should be used a)before budburst b)after budburst c)after leaf-fall.
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Before budburst, use a pre-emergence herbicide. After bud-burst use contact herbicides. Finally, after leaf-fall use systemic herbicides.
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Define mulching by stating the intention of its use.
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Mulching intends to suppress weeds and prevent light from reaching new weeds by spreading matter over the soil surface.
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To encourage consistency in youthful vines, what two soil macronutrients would you put in high ratio to control their vigour and give three examples of mulches that express this ratio.
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When attempting to control the vigour of youthful vines, mulch with a high carbon to nitrogen mulch like straw, paper, or woodchip.
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State the textures of soils that would be considered when deciding between flood and drip irrigation.
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In flood and drip irrigation, you would desire either medium or heavy textured soils. So long as the soil is not light, you should be okay.
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The capital costs of installing most kinds of irrigation are high. What is the one kind of irrigation that has relatively low capital costs?
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Flood irrigation has relatively low capital costs.
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What kind of irrigation system has the highest operating costs?
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A fixed overhead sprinkler irrigation system has the highest operating costs.
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Name the only style of irrigation that has a high labour requirement.
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Flood irrigation has a high labour requirement.
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Name the only irrigation system that can be outfitted to be a protection from frost.
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The only irrigation system capable of also acting as frost protection is an overhead sprinkler system.
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Consider the differing intervals between irrigations as you think of the different systems of irrigation.
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Flood irrigation will have the largest interval between irrigations and drip will have the smallest interval. Both overhead sprinkler and under-canopy will fit somewhere between these two extremes.
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What is the only effective irrigation system if there is a limited water supply?
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If there is a limited water supply, the drip irrigation system is the only effective system.
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Name the four types of irrigation systems.
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Flood
Overhead sprinkler Under-canopy Drip |
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Of the four types of irrigation systems, which system might promote increased fungal disease due to prolonged wetting?
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The overhead sprinkler system will promote an environment of increased fungal disease due to prolonged wetting.
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How are the lateral irrigation lines of a drip system protected from algae growth?
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The lateral irrigation lines of a drip system are protected from algae by flushing the system with chlorine.
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How does the onset of veraison affect the attitude toward irrigation?
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Once veraison sets in, it is though that grapes benefit from mild water stress.
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What does RDI stand for?
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RDI means regulated deficit irrigation.
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Describe RDI in terms of when and where it should be practiced and the philosophy behind it.
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RDI should be applied between fruit set through post-veraison in climates that are not hot. The idea is to restrict vegetative growth to direct more of the vine's efforts to the berries.
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What does PRD stand for?
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PRD stands for partial rootzone drying.
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What is the idea behind PRD?
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PRD is designed to control vigour and increase quality by only irrigating half of the root system while the other half is left to dry. This confusion sends the vine into emergency survival mode and allocates most available sugars into its berries.
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