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396 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is Pommard located? |
Burgundy
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What are the 7 Grand Crus of Chablis?
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Blanchots, Bougros, Les Clos, Vaudesir, Valmur, Preuses, Grenouilles
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What vineyard in Chablis is located partly in Vaudesir, and partly in Preuses,but is not a Grand Cru?
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La Moutonne
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Where is the Cote D'Or?
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Burgundy: it is the Department name for both the Cote de Nuits and the Cote de Beaune
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Where is the Cote Challonaise?
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Burgundy
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How many, and what are the Grand Crus of Chambertin?
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8: Mazis-Chambertin, Ruchottes-Chambertin, Chambertin Clos-de-Beze,
Chapelle-Chambertin, Griotte-Chambertin, Charmes-Chambertin, Le Chambertin, Latricieres-Chambertin |
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Where is Pouilly-Fuisse and what does it produce?
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Located in the Macconais district of Burgundy. It is restricted to producing whites from Chardonnay
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Where is Saint-Bris located?
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It is in the Yonne which is located in the Chablis district of Burgundy
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Where is Irancy located?
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It is in the Yonne which is located in the Chablis district of Burgundy
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Where is the Cote de Nuits located?
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In Burgundy along the Cote d'Or to the north of the Cote de Beaune
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Where is the Cote de Beaune located
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In Burgundy along the Cote d'Or to the south of the Cote de Nuits
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Where is Macconais?
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In Burgundy south of Cote Chalonnaise and north of Beaujolais (which it partly overlaps)
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Where is Saint-Veran located?
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In Burgundy in the Maconnais
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Where would you find Pouilly?
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In Burgundy in the Maconnais
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What department is Beaujolais located in?
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Technically, it is in the Rhone department, but is considered part of Burgundy
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What are the 10 Crus of Beaujolais?
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Brouilly, Cote de Brouilly, Chenas, Chiroubles, Fleurie, Julienas, Morgon, Moulin-a-Vent, Regnie, Saint Amour
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What is the predominant soil type of Beaujolais?
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Granitic, schistous limestone in the north and more clay dominated in the south
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What is the climate of Beaujolais?
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Temperate and Semi-continental
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What are the principal villages of teh Cotes de Nuits?
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There are 7 from North to South:
Gevrey-Chambertin Morey-St. Denis Chambolle-Musigny Vougeot Vosne-Romanee Flagey-Echezeaux Nuits-St.Georges |
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What is the largest Grand Cru vineyard of the Cote D'Or? Who founded it?
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Clos de Vougeot and it was founded by the Cistercian monks. It is roughly 50 hectares
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Where is the Cote Chalonnais located?
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In the Saone-et-Loire department of Burgundy between the Cote-D'Or and the Maconnais
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How many Grand Cru vineyards are there in Burgundy?
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There are 34 of them
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What does Grand Cru mean?
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It means,literally, Great Growth
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Where is Gevrey-Chambertin?
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In Burgundy, in the Cotes de Nuits
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Where is Montagny?
What does it produce? |
It is in the Cote Challonais in Burgundy. It produces exclusively white wine from Chardonnay
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What are the 5 village appellations in/of the Cote Challonaise?
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Mercurey
Givry Montagny Rully Bouzeron |
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What is the general climate of Burgundy?
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Continental
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Where is Rully?
What does it produce? |
It is in the Cote Challonais in Burgundy. It produces reds, whites, and sparklings
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Where is Givry?
What does it produce? |
It is in the Cote Challonais in Burgundy. It produces mostly red from Pinot Noir and small quantities of white wine
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Where is Mercurey?
What does it produce? |
It is in the Cote Challonais in Burgundy. It produces mostly red from Pinot Noir and small quantities of white wine
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Where is Bouzeron?
What does it produce? |
It is in the Cote Challonaise in Burgundy. It has it's own appellation for whites made from Aligote
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Where is Mercurey located?
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In the Cote Challonaise district of Burgundy
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Where is Chassagne-Montrachet located?
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In the Cote de Beaune district of the Cote d'Or in Burgundy
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Where is Puligny-Montrachet located?
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In the Cote de Beaune district of the Cote d'Or in Burgundy
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Where is Meursault located?
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In the Cote de Beaune district of the Cote d'Or in Burgundy
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Where is Volnay located?
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In the Cote de Beaune district of the Cote d'Or in Burgundy
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How many, and what are the Grand Cru's of Vosne Romanee?
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6:
Romanee-Conti La Romanee La Tache Richebourg Romanee-St.Vivant La Grand Rue |
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Where is Vosne Romanee located and what is it best known for?
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In the Cote-de-Nuits district of Burgundy.
It is known for Great reds from Pinot Noir |
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What is Chablis made from?
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Chardonnay
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Where is Chablis located and what Department is it in?
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In the Burgundy region, but in the Yonne Department.
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What is the usual climate for Chablis?
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Semi-continental with NO maritime influence. Long hard winters and often fairly hot summers
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Bouchet is a synonym for what? Where is it called Bouchet?
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It is the name used for Cabernet Franc in St. Emilion
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What are the 6 Commune appellations of the Haut-Medoc?
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Saint Estephe,
Pauillac, Saint Julien, Margaux, Moulis, Listrac |
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Which Bordeaux areas are the so-called Left Bank?
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Medoc,
Graves, Pessac-Leognan, Cerons, Barsac, Sauternes |
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Which Bordeaux areas are the Right Bank?
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Blaye,
Bourg, Libournais, Entre-Deux-Mers, Pomerol, St. Emilion |
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What river are the left bank appellations near?
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The Garonne
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What river are the right bank appellations near?
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The Dordogne
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What are the Left Bank appellations?
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Barsac
Ceron Graves Medoc Pessac-Leognan Sauternes |
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What are the Right Bank appellations?
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Cotes de Castillon
Cotes de Francs St. Emilion Lalande-de-Pomerol Fronsac Bourg Blaye |
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What is the most renowned grape for the Left Bank? Right Bank
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Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
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How many separate AOC areas are there in Bordeaux?
What are they? |
There are 12:
Medoc Graves Pessac-Leognan Cerons Barsac Sauternes Blaye Bourg The Libournais St. Emilion Pomerol Entre-deux-mers |
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What is the general climate of Bordeaux?
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Essentially maritime with some minor variations
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What are the minimum alcoholic strengths for AC Bordeaux and Bordeaux Superieur?
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generic AC Bordeaux: 10%
Bordeaux Superieur: 10.5% |
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Is Fronsac a Left or Right Bank Appellation?
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Right Bank
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Where is the Haut-Medoc?
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Bordeaux - Left Bank
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Where is Graves?
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Bordeaux - South East Haut Medoc
Pessac-Leognan is situated within it |
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How many, and what are the communes that are entitled to the Sauternes Appellation?
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There are 5:
Sauternes Barsac Preignac Bommes Fargues |
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How many, and what are the communal appellations of the Haut Medoc?
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There are 6:
St. Julien Margaux St. Estephe Pauillac Moulis Listrac |
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How many First Growths are there in Pauillac?
What are they? |
There are 3:
Ch Lafite Rothschild Ch Latour Ch Mouton Rothschild |
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What is another name for First Growths in Bordeaux
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Premier Crus
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Where is Pauillac?
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Bordeaux between St.Estephe to the north and St.Julien to the South
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Where is Entre-Deux-Mers?
What does it mean? |
Bordeaux, between the rivers Dordogne adn Garonne.
It means between two seas |
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List 5 excellent Chateaux from Pomerol
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Petrus
Lafleur Le Pin La Conseillante Trotanoy La Fleur de Gay Latour-a-Pomerol L'Eglise-Clinet Clinet |
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How many, and what are the communes that are entitled to the Sauternes Appellation?
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There are 5:
Sauternes Barsac Preignac Bommes Fargues |
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How many, and what are the communal appellations of the Haut Medoc?
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There are 6:
St. Julien Margaux St. Estephe Pauillac Moulis Listrac |
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How many First Growths are there in Pauillac?
What are they? |
There are 3:
Ch Lafite Rothschild Ch Latour Ch Mouton Rothschild |
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What is another name for First Growths in Bordeaux
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Premier Crus
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Where is Pauillac?
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Bordeaux between St.Estephe to the north and St.Julien to the South
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Where is Entre-Deux-Mers?
What does it mean? |
In Bordeaux between the Dordogne and Garonne rivers.
It means between two seas |
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List 5 or more excellent Chateaux from Pomerol
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Ch Petrus
Trotanoy Clinet Le Pin Lafleur La Conseillante La Fleur-de-Gay Latour-a-Pomerol L'Eglise-Clinet |
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Where is Pomerol located?
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In Bordeaux-Right Bank
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What are Pomerol's reds made of?
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Merlot
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Where is Sauterne located?
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In Bordeaux in the Graves district
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Where is the Medoc?
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In Bordeaux on the Left Bank
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Where is Margaux located?
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In the Medoc region of Bordeaux
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What are the major grape varieties of Bordeaux
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Reds: Cab Sauv, Cab Franc, Malbec, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Carmenere
Whites: Sauv Blanc, Semillon, Muscadelle |
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What are extra sec, demi-sec, and sec champagnes?
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The sweeter champagnes
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How is/can rose champagne be produced?
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2 ways: by blending a little white and red wines, or as is traditional with other rose's, thru skin contact
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What is a non-dosage champagne?
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One without added dosage or liquer d'expedition which normally contains some sugar
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What is Coteaux Champenois AOC?
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An AOC in Champagne for red, white, and rose wines that are still
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What is Rose des Riceys AOC?
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An AOC in Champagne devoted exclusively to pink (rose) wines made from Pinot Noir. The AOC in in the Aube department
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Describe NV Brut
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Classic Champagne made from a blendof the latest vintage and anywhere from 10-15% to up to 40% reserve wines. Blending is the key
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Describe Vintage Brut
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self explanatory
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What is a Blanc de Blancs Champagne
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One made entirely from Chardonnay grapes
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What is a blanc de Noirs champagne?
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One made entirely from black grapes, either Pinot Noir, or Pinot Meunier or a blend of the two
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What is the transfer method know as in the US? France?
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Carstens
Methode transfert |
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What is tirage?
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It is what the French call the adding of sugar and yeast to the blended base wines in order to provoke a second fermentation for champagne
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What are the 5 major districts of Champagne?
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Montagne de Reims
Cotes des Blancs Vallee de la Marne The Aube Cote de Sezanne |
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How many and what are the wine styles of Champagne?
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11:
Nonvintage Brut Blanc de Blanc Blanc de Noirs Extra Sec, Demi-Sec, and Sec Rose Non-Dosage Cuvee de Prestige Vintage Brut Single Vineyard Coteaux Champenois AOC Rose Des Riceys AOC |
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Who developed teh formula that enabled wine makers to know how much sugar is required to induce secondary fermentation?
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Andre Francois
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What are the 3 permitted grape varieties for Champagne?
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Pinot Noir,
Pinot Meunier, Chardonnay |
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Define Pupitre
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It is the French name for a hand riddling rack
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Who is credited with the development of Remuage? What is it?
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Nicole Barbe Ponsardin-Cliquot
French word for shaking, which refers to the process of riddling here |
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What states and what AVA's are included in New England?
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From north to south the States are:
Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachussets Connecticut Rhode Island The 2 AVA's are: Western Connecticut Highlands Southeastern New England |
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Where was the 1st successful commercial vineyard in the US?
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On the Ohio River in Indiana, on land donated by Thomas Jefferson
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Where did many/most of the rootstocks which halted Phylloxera come from?
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Missouri, as suggested by C.V. Riley
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Zinfandel is the same grape as what from Italy?
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Primitivo
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What was the first AVA in the US?
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Augusta, Missouri in 1980
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Where and what is the name of the oldest winery in the US still in operation?
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Brotherhood America's Oldest Winery, LTD
estab: 1839 in the Hudson River Valley of NY |
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Who first planted Pinot noir in Oregon?
Where? When? |
David Lett of Eyrie Vineyard
at the north end of Willamette Valley in 1966 |
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In CA, Mataro is a synonym for what
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Mourvedre
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When were the first Vinifera vines planted in WA, and where?
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in 1871 in Yakima Valley
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Who said; "The poor Italian and Russian peasants with their shovels can do it, but the American farmer with his push-button tools cannot"?
What were they referring to? |
Konstantin Frank, a Ukranian viticulturist,in reference to the lack of vinifera vines being grown in NY State
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What are the main varieties used in Hermitage for red and white?
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Syrah and up to 15% Viognier for reds
Whites are typically dominated by Marsanne along with Rousanne |
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Where is Hermitage?
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Northern Rhone, on the east bank of the Rhone river
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Wher is/are Condrieu and Ch Grillet located and what are they?
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Located in Northern Rhone
2 small appellations devoted to white wine based on Viognier |
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Where is Cote Rotie located and what are it's major producers?
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Northern Rhone
Guigal, Chapoutier, Rene Rostaing, Domaine Clusel-Roch and Delas-Freres |
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What are the minor grape varieties of the Rhone?
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Red:
Counoise, Muscardin, Terret Noir, Vaccarese White: Bourbelenc, Clairetty Blanche, Picardin, Picpoul |
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What are the principal grape varieties of the Rhone?
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Red: Syrah, Grenache, Mourvedre, Cinsault
White: Viognier, Rousanne, Marsanne, Grenache Blanc |
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Define Cepages
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French term that simply means vine varieties
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Define Liquoreux
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It is a french term meaning syrupy sweet, used for very rich, often Botrytized wines that are markedly sweeter than moelleux wines
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Define encepagement
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The mix of vine varieties planted on a particular property
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Define Moelleux
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French term that means literally like bone marrow, or mellow. These wines are usually medium sweet rather than very rich botrytized wines
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What is Millerandage?
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Abnormal fruit set shown by the presence of large and small berries in the same bunch
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What is Coulure?
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French term referring to poor fruit set in which soon after flowering some of the small berries fall off
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What are the 2 Departments contained within Alsace?
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the Bas Rhin in the North and the Haut Rhin in the South
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In Alsace, Auxerrois is what?
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A minor white varietal know as Auxerrois Blanc de Laquenexy
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Can either Vendage Tardives or Selection des Grains Nobles wines be Chapitalized?
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No
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What are the permitted varietals for Vendage Tardives and Selection des Grains Nobles wines?
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Riesling, Muscat, Gewurtztraminer, and Pinot Gris
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What are the main varietals planted in Alsace?
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there are 10:
Rieling, Gewurtztraminer, Muscat, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc, Chasselas, Sylvaner, Chardonnay, and Auxerrois |
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Where is Montlouis AC
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Loire
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Negroamaro is the main grape variety in
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Salice Salentino
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What characteristics does wine aged in new Oak exhibit?
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Vanilla flavor, wood tannin, oxidation
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The vine disorder that causes leaves to turn yellow is...
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Chlorsis
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What is Pomerol AC?
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Red wine producing region on the right bank of Bordeaux
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What is enrichment?
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adding concentrated grape juice to the must
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What are nematodes?
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wormlike animals who feed on the roots of vines
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Another name for Cognac is..
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Charentais
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Taurasi DOCG comes from which region in Italy?
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Campania
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Which acid is most abundant in grapes?
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Tartaric
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Is Cab Sauv prone to rot? why or why not
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No, thick skins
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In the 1855 Classification what status was given to Montrose, Pichon Longueville, and Cos d'Estournel?
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Deuxieme cru status
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Bonnes Mares AC is in...
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both Morey St.Denis and Chambolle Musigny
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What is Menetou-Salon?
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white and red wine producing region in the Loire
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What are the following: Brix, Baume, and Oechsle?
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scales for measuring grape sugars
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Ethyl Alcohol vaporizes at what temperature?
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78.5 C/ 173 F
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Bonnezeaux is made from what grape?
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Chenin Blanc
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What kind of still makes a purer product? pot or continuous
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Continuous
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Which still can be used for any alcohol? pot or continuous
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Continuous
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Which wine is made from the same grape varieties as Amarone?
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Bardolino
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What type of wine is Monbazillac AC?
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Sweet white wine from SW France
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VSOP Armagnac can not be less than _ years old
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5
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VSOP Cognac can not be less than _ years old
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6
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Garganega is the primary grape variety in...
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Soave
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Cortese is.....
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white grape variety perdominantly from Piedmont
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Which wine is DOCG: Chianti, Chianti Classico, or Chianti Rufina?
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all of them
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Montagny AC is what type of region and what grape is used?
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White wine only from Chardonnay
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What is aspersion?
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Technique used to combat frost - especially in Chablis
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What type of barrel is used in Burgundy?
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Piece
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Where is Pommard?
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Cote de Beaune
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Cahors AC stipulates at least 70% Auxerrois also known as...
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Malbec
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What type of soils are mostly in Banyuls?
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Sandy
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What is Brunello?
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a clone of the Sangiovese grape
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Lungarotti is an important wine family in what region?
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Umbria
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What is loam?
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soil type
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What is Jardin de la France?
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a regional vin de pays
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What type of wine does Jurancon produce: dry or sweet?
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Both
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Where is Fixin?
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Cote de Nuits south of Dijon
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What region would you find Lambrusco in?
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Emilia-Romagna
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Claret is an English term for..
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all red Bordeaux wines
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Where is Montlouis AC
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Loire
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Negroamaro is the main grape variety in
|
Salice Salentino
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What characteristics does wine aged in new Oak exhibit?
|
Vanilla flavor, wood tannin, oxidation
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The vine disorder that causes leaves to turn yellow is...
|
Chlorsis
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What is Pomerol AC?
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Red wine producing region on the right bank of Bordeaux
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Where is Chinon located
|
Touraine region of the Loire
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Where is Ch Cheval Blanc, and what grape is planted there?
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St Emilion, cab franc
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Which is a monopole: Clos de Vougeot, Romanee-St-Vivant, Richebourg, or Romanee Conti
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Romanee Conti
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What is a recolant?
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person who harvests grapes
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Which app has a maximum alcohol level: Ch-de-Pape, Chablis, Muscadet, or Montagny?
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Muscadet
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How many acres in a hectare?
|
2.5
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What wine region makes Nero d'Avola into a varietal wine?
|
Sicily
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Which is most affected by canopy mgmt: micro, macro, or mesoclimate?
|
Microclimate
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Where is Ch Palmer located?
|
St-Estephe
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Cinqueterre is a white wine from ....
|
Liguria
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Where is St. Peray?
|
Northern Rhone
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What is Pigeage?
|
French term for an action that leads to the extraction of color and tannins in red wine
|
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What is Brachetto d'Acqui
|
Sparkling red wine
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What does the term "super second" mean?
|
the best performing wines ranked as 2nd growths in the 1855 classification
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What grape is Vin Jaune made from?
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Savenienne
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Which is not a pomace brandy: Grappa, Marc, or Fine?
|
Fine
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Which is a Grand Cru:
Puligny Montrachet, Batard-Montrachet, or Chassagne-Montrachet? |
Batard-Montrachet
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What is sulfur used for?
|
Disinfectant, antioxidant, preservative
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What is maceration?
|
length of time liquid is in contact with grape solids
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Where is Aglianico del Vulture DOC?
|
Basilica
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Talk briefly about the history of restaurants
|
Complimentary food from hosts table. Best chefs employed privately. French revolution and guilds changed all that
Monsieur Boulanger first rest. Antoine Beauvilliers: La Grande Taverne de Londres first to have a menu |
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First French book to organize restaurants into classes:
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Voyages Gastronomiques au pays de France by J.A.P. Cousins
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Describe service a la Francais
|
3-4 courses with several dishes per course placed down the center of the table. Ornate. Guests served themselves
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Describe service a la Russe
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Dishes were plated by Maitre d'. served from left, wine from right, first drops to the host
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Describe service a la Anglais
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server serves each guest from a platter from left side
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Describe service a l'assiette
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1960's, todays style of service
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American contributions to restaurants: (3)
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cafeterias, drive thru's, and fast food
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What does Sommelier mean?
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Beasts of burden, employed by nobles, monitored food, wine, etc deliveries. Could also have been applied to monks
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Service procedure for sparkling wines
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ID Host
Introduce self/offer assistance get order repeat order remove empty stemware, ask about removing partials prepare mise en place: bucket with ice and water, 2 clean napkins, small plate, coaster, corkscrew, sommelier tasting glass, correct stemware Bring glasses to table in left hand place stemware on right starting with oldest woman = host is last bring bkt, 2 napkns, spklg to host's right, wipe off and present accordingly (wipe first) get approval, then back in bucket with napkin over remove foil, inspect, on plate remove cage and put on plate open, twisting both with napkin over and bottle facing away from guests place cork on plate, inspect Show host if requested wipe lip of bottle remove bottle and pour somm taste- assess/evaluate mousse, etc offer taste to host from right if refuse or not, pour accordingly with oldest female first label up, don't twist when pouring wipe after each pour back in bucket, coaster on table remove tasting glass, plater with foil etc |
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Steps for white wine service
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Remember don't rotate bottle when or tip when cutting foil
Clean bottle worm in at slight angle remove cork with fingers near end and wipe bottle again Check if leave bottle on table or back in bucket |
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Decanting techniques
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prepare mise en place and bring to table ***with lit cndle
present wine to host in basket leave bottle filthy, but readable prime decanter with neutral wine and pour into tasting glass Have lit candle at side (*****should already be lit) cut foil in one piece, inspect clean bottle, open, check cork, clean bottle again decant into somm glass and host glass assess and present to host discuss decanting method gentle for sediment, quick for aeration decant in one pour, no drips position candle near neck pour everyone, ask host if you can remove their glass remove mise en place, leaving bottle in basket on a napkin, with decanter next to it. Don't blow out candle near table |
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decanting if bottle stored vertically
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decant before your and host's assessments
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What does mise en place mean
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everything put in it's place
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what are kwervi
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clay jars with crushed grapes in them buried in the earth to ferment. Rebottled in the spring
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How were early wines protected from spoilage
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resinated
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Where was vinifera vines origins believed to be
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Transcaucasia (Georgia and Armenia)
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Greek influence on wine:
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growers and traders.
democratized wine typically sweet, dried in sun, picked fully ripe add water, spices, herbs, etc stored in amphorae (clay jars) |
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Greek God of wine
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Dionysus
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Roman God of wine
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Bacchus
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What does Oenotria mean
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Land of staked/stalked vines
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Etruscan contributions to wine
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trained vines up trees, vs Greeks down low
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Roman contributions to wine
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Found certain vinyds/vintages to be of differing quality
wines typically sweet and diluted imported wines planted in Gaul: along rivers, trade routes, on Rhine published books on viticulture, matched grapes to sites developed the wine press fermented in clay vessels reduced/concentrated must by boiling aged some wines and intentionally oxidized smoked shift to drier styles, reds were for the poor |
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What is Falernian
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first famous Roman wines
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What is Islam's view on wine
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It is banned since Mohammed's death
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What did Charlemagne give to the Abbey of Saulieu in 775?
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The hill of Corton
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How did monasteries use wine?
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for income, and sacrament
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Two most influential monastic orders, which is considered most important?
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Benedictines and Cistercians
Cistercians - viticultural studies |
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When did Madeira begin?
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1419
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When did cultivation in Mexico begin,and with what grape?
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1520, Criolla (aka Mission)
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Who brought the grape to the US, to what state, when, and how did it fare?
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Hugenots, Florida, 1560's, Pierce's disease destroyed it
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What was the first vineyard in South Africa and who established it?
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Constantia, based on Muscat, the Dutch
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Where did Viticulture in Australia start?
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Hunter Valley
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What major development for wine happened in the 17th Century
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Development of cork and bottle created by Sir Kenelm Digby
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When did Phyloxxera hit France? How was it corrected?
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1850's in Southern France
first symptoms 1863 Bordeaux in 1872 grafting |
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Who aided French in combatting phyloxera?
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Thomas Munson
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How is downy mildew combatted?
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Bordeaux mixture
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What is piquette?
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refermented wine - water and beet sugar added to pomace after pressing
think fraud |
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What did phyloxera due to French mkt?
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Turned it from an exporter to an importer of wine
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Who exported wine to France in early 1900's?
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Algeria and Italy
with Carignan, Aramon, and rupestria |
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What is Declaration de Recolte?
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forced growers to submit stats on how much wine made each year, how much held in stock. Done for fraud reasons
Also how much sugar used for Chapitalization, and provided a legal definition of wine-exclusively made from the alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes or grape juice |
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What was the Volstead Act?
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USA, 18th amendment bringing prohibition in 1919
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In France, what 2 problems did the gov have?
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What to do with nasty wine, and how to combat fraud
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What are in France was the first to organize growers? Second?
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Chablis, Medoc
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Who was Joseph Capus?
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The father of the AOC
place alone wasn't enough, soils, vine varieties also mattered |
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What foodstuff influenced later wine laws?
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Roquefort - whether to use ewe or cow milk in production
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Who was Baron Le Roy de Boiseaumarie, and what was he famous for?
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owner of Ch Fortia
defined 13 varieties of Chneuf de Pape, cultural practices, pruning, max crop size, ripeness of grapes, and forced some uprooting of vines |
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What was Comite National des Appellations D'Origine?
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precursor to INAO
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What were the first AOC regions?
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1936: Chateauneuf de Pape
Cassis (in Provence) Arbois (in Eastern Mtns) |
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What did stainless steel tanks due for winemaking?
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hygeine, make white wines in warm climates, temperature control, retains fruit flavors
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List some modern vinification improvements
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development of yeast strains, control of MLF, Reverse osmosis, cryo-extraction devices, irrigation technology, glassware, clonal selection
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What is selection massale?
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clippings from many vines
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What are the Dijon Clones in Oregone?
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114,115,119
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What is Macroclimate?
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climate of a large region
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What is Microclimate?
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Smallest unit, a single vine,or space between vines, or climate within a single vines canopy
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What is a mesoclimate
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subregion, group of vinyds, sgle vinyd, typically created by surrounding natural features (body of water, slope)
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Describe degree days
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Amrheim and Winkler
refers to useable heat between April 1 and October 31 |
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Name a problem of degree days
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didn't consider teh affects of wind
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How are degree days calculated?
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Monthly averages of excess over 50 times # of days in month
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How many zones in Degree days, which is coolest/hottest?
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5, Zone 1 coldest (<2500), Zone 5 hottest (>4000)
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What are the best Zones for grape/wine production?
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Zones 2 and 3
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What Zone is for grape production (think degree days)
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Zone 5
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Effects of sunshine on grapes?
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phenolic ripening
pigment ripening |
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Effects of wind on grapes?
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Dry grapes, blow away pests
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Effects of temperature on grapes?
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optimum for vine growth- 23-25C
warm - incr. sugar levels |
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Effects of rain on grapes?
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dilution
to be at best= only 27 inches/season |
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What type of soil is the best?
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well draining overall, except in places like Jerez
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What does DINKS mean?
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Double income no kids
refers to very fertile soils producing lots of leaves and shoots/ vs grapes |
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In terms of topography, what can influence mesoclimates?
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bodies of water, mountains, contours
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What does altitude help to do?
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preserve acidity
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What are alluvial fans made up of?
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slope wash - think Rutherford Valley
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What problem affects sloping sites?
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erosion
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What is terroir?
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"all things contribute"
mystical union of soil, vine varieties, climate, mesoclimate, vinification/cultivation methods, soul of winemaker |
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At what year does a vine start to produce grapes?
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between 3-g yrs of age
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When does a vines yield begin to decline?
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between 20-50 yrs, but their is improved fruit quality
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How was phylloxera corrected?
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grafting vinifera scions onto American rootstock
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What are the two types of grafting? which is most common?
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field and bench, bench
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Name some types of grafting
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saw cut, omega (think shoulder joint), whip and tongue, centre "v", bud graft "Mayorquine", bud graft "Cadillac"
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Who was the father of canopy mgmt?
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Richard "Dick" Smart
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Main difference between cane and spur pruning, which is harder
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the length, cane
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What negative factor does irrigation do?
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raises salt levels
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What's aspersion?
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spraying leaves to combat frost
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What is the irrigation area in Australia know as?
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MIA_ mirribigin irrigation area
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What is the most common type of irrigation
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Drip - not wasteful
sometimes coupled with RDI - regulaed deficit irrig. |
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As sugars ripen,what decreases?
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Acidity
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When is the best time to harvest?
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When Brix and Acidity cross
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Name some issues for organic producers
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state of soil, use of natural compost, dangers of chemicals, methods for controlling pests, diseases
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Where is biodynamics being used?
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Burgundy, Dom. Leroy
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Ways to protect from frost
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Aspersion, burning fuel, high trellissing in cool areas, wind machines, helicopters, aspersion
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2 tons/acre = ? hl/ha
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35 hl/ha
17 is the multiple |
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as yield decreases, what happens to price
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usually increases
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Two types of harvesting:
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hand vs machine
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Benefits of hand vs mechanical hvsting
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expense, selection, time
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What is Phyloxera?
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a louse that feeds on vine roots, injecting a poison into the vine's vascular system.
Remember AXR1 |
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What is the treatment for phyloxera?
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none, grafting is preventative
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What is Pierce's Disease?
Treatment? |
Bacterial infection, spread by glassy winged sharpshooter, bacteria multiplies in vines vascular system starving it
breeds near water no treatment |
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What's Botrytis Cinerea also know as, how is it treated?
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Gray Rot, let's water escape, treated with sulfur
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What is Bouley Bordolaise?
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Bordeaux mixture of copper sulfate, lime sulfur, and water
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Other names for Noble Rot
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Edelfaudin, azule, muffa, noble, pourriture noble
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What is Oidium?
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powdery mildew, attacks leaves and berries, treated with sulfur
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Name some weather related problems
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frost, drought, hail, coulure
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What's coulure
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improper flowering, dropping of blossoms
after flowering, dropping of berrie3s |
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What's millerandage?
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abnormal fruit set typically caused by poor weather at flowering
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list 2 types of fruit reception
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hand or machine harvesting
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what is triage?
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sorting of fruit
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types of presses?
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bladder aka pneumatic, or basket
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major difference between red and white wine making
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point when pressing occurs
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for white wine making, when does pressing occur?
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before fermentation
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why should must be chilled and sulfured before pressing?
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to avoid early start to fermentatiion, and oxidation
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whole bunch pressing is used in the production of what type of wines?
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Sparkling
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What types of yeast are used in wine making?
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ambient/wild, cultured, or both
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why are cultured yeasts added?
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so you don't get a stuck fermentation, to speed up fermentation, if wine has been filtered prior to fermenting
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at what temp should white wine be fermented?
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cool: 10-20 C
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What temp should red wine be fermented?
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warmer temps: low 20-30's C
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fermenting a wine to dryness is quicker at what type of temperature?
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warmer
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what risk do you run at fermenting white wine at warmer temps?
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burning off fruit flavors
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What are the 2 basic types of fermentation vessels?
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inert and reactive
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for light/aromatic whites, it's best to ferment in what type of vessel?
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stainless steel tanks
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Why ferment in stainless?
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hygiene, easily cleaned, temp control, re-useable, less expensive than barrels in the long run
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list some inert vessels
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cement, glass, old wood lined with glass or tartrate crystals |
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What do reactive vessels do?
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impart flavors into the wine
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name some influences of fermenting in oak
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new or old, toastiness
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drawback of using barrels
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sterility issues, no temp control, more small vessels to watch over, negative oxidation, expense, labour, leakage, evaporation
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what types of corrections can be used for white wine?
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chapitalization and acidification
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what is chapitalization?
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Chaptal: Napoleans agric minister
add sugar to must to increase the amount of fermentable sugar hence raisning alcohol levels regulated allowed in cool areas where theres difficulty in ripening grapes added at the beginning of fermentation usually |
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types of "sugar" for chapitalization
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beet, cane, concentrated must, or grape must
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what is acidification?
|
common in warm climates
strictly regulated adding acid to wine prior to fermentation usually |
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Types of acids used in acidification
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citric, tartaric, malic
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what type of acid is most used for acidification?
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tartaric
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What's MLF
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conversion of harsh malic acid to softer lactic acid and CO2 by leuconostic oenos bacteria
takes place with or after primary fermentation |
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what slows down mlf?
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high alcohl and sulfur levels
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variety most associated with MLF?
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Chardonnay
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are aromatic grapes associated with MLF?
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rarely
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what is battonage?
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lees stirring
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issues of maturation of wine
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types of vessels, duration, lees contact, flavour enhancement
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what does time on lees impart on a wine?
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creamy, bready flavours of the yeasts
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name 2 types of finishing of white wines
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fining and filtration
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what is fining?
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removing suspended particles in wine
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list types of fining agents
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albumen, bentonite clay, isinglass, gelatin, casein
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what is filtration and what are the two types?
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stabilizes wine against a particular kind of deposit
depth and surface filtration |
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What is cold stabilization?
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optional step for high volume brands used to pre-empt possible formation of tartrate crystals, largely cosmetic
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types of blending
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during pressing, after fermentation but before fining
diff varieties, diff vineyd sites, diff areas of same vinyds |
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What is most essential during bottling?
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sterility
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list some types of stoppers
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natural cork, agglomerated corks, synthetic corks, glass, stelvin screw caps, crown caps
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briefly outline red wine production
|
reception of fruit
crushing/destemming prefermentation treatments fermentation and temp control pressing MLF clarification maturation blending finishing and bottling |
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list types of must concentration
|
saignee- bleeding off a portion of juice common in vintages with rain at harvest
boiling down juice - less common reverse osmosis to remove water |
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why must a winemaker have access to red wine during fermentation?
|
keep cap moist to prevent harmful bacteria to build up if it dries out
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what type of yeast is common for red wine fermentation and why?
|
wild/ambient due to skins
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why are cultured yeasts useful
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predictable in terms of fermentation temp, require specific nutrients, etc
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what does the cap do?
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protect the wine from oxidation
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what is pigeage?
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punching down of the cap to keep it moist
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what is remontage?
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pumping wine from the bottom of the tank over the cap to keep it moist and submerged
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2 types of modern improvements to pigeage and remontage
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screens to keep cap down and roto-fermenters
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post fermentation, what happens to the cap
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it sinks, the wine must be chilled, sulfured, close tanked to protect from oxidation
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what is vin de goutte?
|
free run juice, juice racked off the skins after fermentation
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what is vin de presse
|
the press wine
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difference between vin de goutte and vin de presse
|
goutte is fruitier andn finer vs presse is tannic and bitterer and darker
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what can press wine be used for
|
blending with free run juice, topping off, lesser wines, sold
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what is battonage?
|
lees stirring
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issues of maturation of wine
|
types of vessels, duration, lees contact, flavour enhancement
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what does time on lees impart on a wine?
|
creamy, bready flavours of the yeasts
|
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name 2 types of finishing of white wines
|
fining and filtration
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what is fining?
|
removing suspended particles in wine
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is MLF used in red wine making
|
yes
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what does MLF do for red wine?
|
softens acidity, adds complexity, stablizes
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does red wine get clarified,and if so, when
|
sometimes, between fermenatation and maturation
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for red wine, list some types of maturation choices
|
vessels to use, duration of ageing, racking, topping up
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types of wood barrels
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oak, cherry, chestnut
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other ways to get oak in wine
|
staves, chips added in to stainless vessels
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define racking
|
transferring wine from one vessel to another to reduce odors, and remove particles
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define topping up
|
keeping barrels full to decrease oxidation
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what do you top up wine with
|
same of better wine ideally
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list some maturation tricks for red wine
|
oak staves, oak chips, micro-oxygenation
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stages of blending (4)
|
grapes grown, harvested, fermented together
blend after fermentation assemblage after MLF blend before bottling |
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is filtration more or less common in fine red wines
|
less common
|
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Production areas of the Douro?
|
Douro Superior
Cima Corgo Baixo Corgo |
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|
Maximum yield for sherry grapes in l/100kg?
|
70-72.5
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Difference between LBV and Vintage port?
|
Port aged 2yrs in pipe then bottled
LBV is 4-6 in pipe then bottled Traditional LBV not fined, filtered or stabilized |
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What is Geropegas?
|
Sweetening wine, like a sussreserve, used to correct port
|
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Fortification levels of Fino and Oloroso Sherry
|
15%, 18%
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What moderates tannins in food
|
Chewiness
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What is important about the terebinth tree
|
source of resin used to reduce spoilage in ancient wines in Greece
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Define viscosity
|
the thickness or thiness of a wine
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Where do tannins come from
|
pips, skins, stalks, wood barrels
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if you have food with sweetness and fat, yielding a mouth coating fielding, what attribute in a wine would counteract that?
|
acidity
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What is selection massale?
|
field selection of cuttings
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Methods of Frost Protection
|
site selection: S.E. slopes, mid slope, dk soil
match site and varieties (spring frost/later ripening, fall frost/early ripening) burn stuff hight trellising air circulation aspersion |
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what is an oak container that holds hundreds of litres?
|
foudre or botti
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What are the sweet wine producing areas of Entr-deux-mers?
|
Loupiac, Cadillac, St Croix du mont
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What are the 5 regional vins de pays?
|
jardin de la france
d'Oc Comptes Tolosan Comptes Rhodaniens Port de Mediterranee |
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What are the regions in Chianti?
|
Classico, Colli Aretini, Colli Fiorentini, Colli Senesi, Colline Lucchesi, Colline Pisane, Ruffina, Montespertoli
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What are the 3 areas of Rioja?
|
Rioja Alta Roija Baja, and Rioja Alavesa
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|
What are the grapes of white Roija?
|
Viura (aka Macabeo), Malvasia, and sometimes Garnacha Blanca
|
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What area is known as Cava Country?
|
Penedes
|
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What four grapes can be found in Cava?
|
Parallada, Macabeo, Xarel-lo, and sometimes Chardonnay
|
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|
Type of vine spacing in Spain
|
Marco Real
|
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|
What year did Spains DO system begin
|
1926
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What new categories of ageing requirements are joining Crianza, Reserva, and Gran Reserva?
|
Viejo (36mos)
Anejo (24 mos) Noble (12 mos) |
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|
Who runs Spains system?
|
INDO
Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen |
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What is Spains most basic wine category?
|
Vino de Mesa
Blends from multiple regions |
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After vino de mesa, what is Spains next wine category?
|
vino de mesa de (regional or provincial name)
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After Vino de Mesa Regional, what is Spains next wine category
|
Vino de Comarcal
large loosely defined areas outside of the DO's which have some common character |
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|
How many Vino Comarcals are in Spain?
|
21
|
|
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After Vino Comarcal, what's Spains next highest wine category?
|
Vino de la Tierra
|
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|
What is Vino de la Tierra and how many are there?
|
Country wines, 25
equivalent to vin de pays in Fr |
|
|
How many DO's in Spain and what does it mean?
|
Denominacion de Origen
54 |
|
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How many DOCa and what are they?
|
2, Rioja and Priorat
|
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|
DOCa Priorat also goes by what?
|
DOQ
|
|
|
Wht are Joven wines?
|
young wines - light, fruity
may or may not have time in wood, but if do - less than 6 mos |
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|
What are Crianza wines
|
means "raising"
must age min 2 full years, 6mos in oak in Rioja, Navarro, and Rib del Due: 12 mos in oak for white and rose: 6mos oak, total ageing 1yr |
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|
Describe Reserva wines in Spain
|
finer vintages
reds age 3yrs, 1 in oak, 1 in bottle minimum whites age 2yrs, 6mos in cask |
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|
Describe Gran Reserva
|
finer vintages, more rigorous selection
age min 5yrs, min 2 cask, 2 bottle white: 4yrs, 6 cask min |
