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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the W.O.s of the coastal region.
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Stellenbosch
Paarl Swartland Tygerberg Tulbagh |
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Name the wards of the W.O. Coastal Region
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Contantia
Dubranville |
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Where is Walker Bay?
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South Aftrica
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What are the main grape Varieties in Walker Bay?
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Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
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What is the Australian % minimum for varietal labelling?
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85%
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What is the significance of the grape order listed on the label in Australia?
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They are listed highest percentage to Lowest by law.
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State the grape of Penfold's Grange.
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100% Shiraz
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Name the Australian Wine States.
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New South Whales
Victoria Tasmania South Australia Western Australia Queensland |
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Name Australia's Term for a wine region.
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G.I. or Geographical Indiction
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What kind of soils are found in Coonawara?
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Terra Rossa and Red Earth.
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Name Grapes Grown in Cognac and Armangac
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Ugni Blanc
Colombard Folle Blanche |
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Name the best Cognac region and explain why it is the best.
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Grand Champagne, Petit Champagne and if it is from both regions it is called Grand Fine Champagne
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Name the best Armagnac region and explain why.
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Bas Armagnac because it has the chalkiest soils in the region.
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State the main labeling age and terms for Cognac and for Armagnac.
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3 Star or VS: Very Special aged at least 3 years
5 Star or VSOP: Very Special (Superiore) Old Pale aged at least 4 years Napoleon or XO: Extra Old Aged a minimum of 5 years. |
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Name the best region for Calvados.
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Pays d'Auge
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What is the main flavoring ingredient in Gin.
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Juniper Berries.
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What is the sugar source for the best Tequila?
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The sap of the Blue Agave plant.
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What is the minimum sugar level in a liquer?
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2.5%
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Name a bitter liqueur suitable for an aperitif or a digestive.
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Campari
Pernod Fernet Branca Dubonnet Jagermeister Cynar Lillet |
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What ingredients are allowed in Bavarian Purity Law?
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Malted Barley
Yeast Water Hops |
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Name the AOCs for Rose in the Rhone
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Tavel
Gigondas Valqueyras Cote De Rhone & Village Lirac Rasteau Muscat de Beaumes de Venise |
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Name the AOCs for Rose in Provence
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Cotes de Nuits
Cote de Beaune Cote Chalonnaise Macconais Beaujolais Chablis |
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What is W.O.
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Wine of Origin from South Africa
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What led to the boom in South African wine sales?
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The end of aprtheid in the early 1990's
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How did the KWV impact the quality of S. African Wines?
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Mandated prices with no regard for quality and had a negative affect on S. African wines
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Describe Vin De Constace
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From some of S. Africa's Oldest Vineyards in Constantia this is a sweet wine made from muscat de Alexandria and Muscat de Frontignan
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Define Cultivar
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Varietal
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What are the Parent Grapes to Pinotage?
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Pinot Noir and Cinsault
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Explain why Red grapes do well in some regions previously believed to be too cool.
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Micro Climates
Elevation Rain Shadow Sunlight Hours |
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Where is Hawkes Bay and what Varietal is it known for?
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North Island NZ
Known for Chard and Cab Sauvignon and some blends. |
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What is the best region in NZ for Pinot Noir?
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Martinborough
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What is the most famous NZ Region for Sauvignon Blanc
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Marlborough
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Wine Regions of NZ North Island are:
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Auckland
Waikata Gisborne Hawkes Bay Martinborough |
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What is the most important grape of Uraguay?
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Tannat
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What is the most important grape of Argentina?
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Malbec
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What is the most important region in Argentina?
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Mendoza
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What is the minimum % for labeling in Chile?
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75% for Varietal, Region and Vintage
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Name the obscure Bordeaux Varietal that is important in Chile.
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Carmenere
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What is unique about Chilean Wines?
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Chile has never been victim to Phylloxera and is growing on 100% ungrafted vitis vinifera vines.
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Name the region Casablanca is in and what wines the area is known for.
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Casablanca is in Chile's Valle Central and is mainly known for Cab Sauv
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Where did wine making begin in North America?
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Mexico
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Name 2 important wine regions of Canada.
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Niagara Peninsula
Okanagen Valley |
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IN what state did U.S. wine Making Start
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New York
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Name New York's AVA's
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Finger Lkes
Cayuga Lakes Senece Lake Niagra Escarpment Lake Eirie Hudson River North Fork of Long Island The Hamptons Long Island |
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State the % Requirements for AVA & Varietal in Oregon
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Varietal is 90%
Ava is 100% Exception is Cab Sauv 75%. |
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Name the AVAs of Oregon
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Willamette
Dundee Hills McMinville Ribbon Ridge Yamhill Carlton Southern Oregon Umpqua Valley Red hill Douglas County Rogue Valley Applegate Valley |
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Name Shared Washington and Oregon AVAs
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Columbia Valley
Columbia Gorge Walla Walla |
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What was the first AVA
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Augusta Missouri
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Name the top 4 wine producing states in the USA
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Califronia
Washington New York Oregon |
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What is the Origin of Zinfandel
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Could be Italian where it is known as primotivo but all data suggests it is Croatian where it is known as Crljenak Kastelanski
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What is Fume Blanc
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Sauvignon Blanc name created by Mondavi
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Define Meritage
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California Bordeaux Blend...Many such as Opus don't use term since they refuse to pay fees required
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Name the AVAs of Sonoma County
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Northern Sonoma
Alexander Valley Drey Creek Valley Knights Valley Russian River Valley Chalk Hill Rockpile County Green Valley Sonoma Coast Sonoma Valley Sonoma Mountain Los Carneros Bennett Mountain |
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List the AVAs of Napa Valley
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Calistoga
Diamond Mountain Howell Mountain Spring Mountain Chiles Valley St. Helena Rutherford Oakville Atlas Peak Stag's Leap Mount Veeder Oak KNowll Los Carneros Napa Valley Wild Horse Valley |
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Stat the AVA required %s
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Varietal 75%
AVA 85% |
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What Agency regulates US Wine Industry
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Department of the Treasury, specifically the Tax and Trade Bureau... Before 2002 it was ATF
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Define AVA
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American Horticultural Area
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List the 5 major wine regions of California
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North Coast
Central Coast South Coast Central Valley Sierra Foothills |
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Describe stereotypical Riesling in the glass
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V: Pale in Youth with more golden hues in Maturity
N: Youthful has lemon and lime aromas as well as peach scents and steely mineral smells. Some include bees wax and floral. With maturity it can develop an unusual gas or kerosene smell. For TBA's aromas of apricot, honey, raisins baked apples and peaches are common. |
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Describe stereotypical Riesling on the palate
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Noticeably high Acidity with residual sugar ranging from bone dry to fully sweet, all styles typically lower in alcohol.
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Describe Fortification in Tokaji
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Fortification and Pasteurization are banned. Common when Hungary was part of the Eastern Block.
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Compare Old Vs. New Tokaji
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Old, Left Tokaji Aszu in barrels up to 10 years with at least 1/3 air space to force oxidative character. Now still permitted but not required.
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Describe Tokaji Production
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Leave cask with head space in pitch black small bore tunnels thickly veiled in cellar mold "Ciadosporium cellare" encourages yeast and bacteria to feed on oxygen in wine weaving complex flavors
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What is Tokaji Szamorodni
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Szamorodni is Polish for "The way it Comes" Term refers to Tokaji that has not been treated with Aszu and is usually dry. Describes process of vinifying grapes together w or w/o botrytis and aged in cash which allows a flor type yeast.
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8 Styles of Tokaji are:
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1 Varietal Wines
2 Mascas 3 Forditas 4 Szara Tokaji Szamorodi 5 Edes Tokaji Szamorodni 6 Tokaji Aszu (2-6) putts 7 Tokaji Aszuesszencia 8 Esszencia or Naturesszencia |
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Describe the Vini/Viti of Tokaji
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Botrytized Grapes are necessary, most harvesting done by hand, peasant labor. Picked in several tries like Sauternes.
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What is the varietal composition of Tokaji?
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70% Furmint
25% Harslevelu 5-10% Muscat Blanc |
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Where are most Tokaji vineyards?
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Southern Facing slopes
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Describe the wines produced in the Northern region of Tokaji
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Most delicate, produced on sandy soils. Entire region lies along a range of volcanic loesses, fine grained deposits of clay, silt and sand.
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What is the Oremus Vineyard
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Vineyard where the Rakoczis made the first Aszu wines.
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Who were the Rakoczis?
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The people that cultivated the Oremus Vineyard and produced the first Aszu wines.
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Where and by whom was the first Aszu wines produced?
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In the Northern part of Tokaji in the Oremus vineyards by the Rakoczis.
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What caused the instant downfall of Tokaji?
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Region became communist in 1949-Famous Vineyards and estates were confiscated and nationalized. Vines moved from steep slopes to flat lands and wines blended in masse by cooperatives run by state and underwent mandatory oxidation.
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What caused the resurgence of Tokaji?
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Hungary became democratic in 1989, Lord Jacob Rothschild, Hugh Johnson and Peter Vinding-Diers founded Tokaji Wine Company with 63 of the best remaining growers.
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What is special about Tokaji's history.
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First wine intentionally made from botrytized grapes. 1 century before the Rhone and 2 centuries before Sauternes.
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Define Tokaj
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Village that Tokaji gets it's name from.
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What is Tokaji?
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Sweet wine made in Tokaj.
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Tokay
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Anglicized spelling that is no longer used. Region officially known as Tokaj-Hegyalta or TokajHeyalia which means Toaky Hill. Contains 28 Villages.
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Where is Tokaji?
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In Hungary between Austria and Romania, North of Yugoslavia and South of Slovakia in the Carpathian Basin. Most Famous region located in NE part of the country @ 47.3 degrees lattitude.
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What is the climate of Tokaji?
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Continental with some Meditteranean influence in Southern wine districst. Parpathian mountains shelter winds from E, W and N creating prolonged gently warm autumns. Mists and humidity rising from Bodrog and Tisza Rivers provide perfect climate for Botrytis.
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Describe Sauvignon Blanc in the vineyard.
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Tight Bunches
Tender Skins Susceptable especially to powdery mildew and gray rot. Buds late and ripens early Extremely vigorous foilage, con over grow and shade fruit from sunlight causing extreme vegetal profile on the palate Best in relatively poor, well drained soils, loves chalky or flinty (silex) limestone and gravel. |
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Describe Sauvignon Blanc in the winery
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Most familiar and classic expressions emphasize the natural character and avoid addition of flavor components (MLF, wood, oxidation)
Generally cool fermented with stainless steel and bottled early. Sometimes blended with Chardonnay or Semillion. |
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Describe Chardonnay in the winery.
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Most easily manipulated
Relatively Neutral Nose, higher sugar levels and moderate acidity. Skin contact gives tropical fruit notes, barrel fermentation gives vanilla, nuttiness and toast, MLF makes it buttery. Battonage gives it toasty yeasty aromas. |
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Describe Chardonnay on the nose
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Apple (Often baked or roasted)
Pear Lemon Peach Some Tropical (Mango and Pineapple) Yeasty Buttery Vanilla Toast Smoke Caramelized Honey Butterscotch Nutty (Almond and Hazlenut) with age |
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Describe Chardonnay on the palate
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Cool climate will be zesty with moderate acidity,M body, M alcohol, with subtle apple & pear
Warm climate will have M- acidity, M+ alcohol and are described as waxy or fat with an oily finish. |
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Define Must
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Crushed grapes with or without stems.
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Define Millerandage
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Abnormal fruit set. Berries may be various sizes on a bunch or may be spontaneously aborted by the plant. Like coulore it is typically caused by poor weather conditions.
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Define Coulure
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Condition represents difficulty at the vine's flowering stage and is typically caused by cool, wet weather. Vines with this condition may drop some or all of their berries after fruit set.
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Define Peronospera
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Downy mildew
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Define Oidium
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Powdery mildew.
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Define Botrytis Cinera
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Grey Rot- When it effects under ripe grapes causing them to split or burst
Noble Rot,- When the effects on pipe fruit dehydrating the grape and concentrating sugar and acids in the berries |
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Define Nematodes
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Small round worms are naturally present in the vineyard soils. Some will feed on vine roots and potentially spread viral disease from plant to plant
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Pierce's Disease
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Bacterial Infection spread by glassy winged sharp shooter
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Define Phylloxera
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Daciycasphaera Vitifoliae is Phylloxera Vastatrix. Root louse and plague of vineyards.
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What is Free Run Juice?
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First juices drained from the fermentation vessel.
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Define Veraison
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No English Translation: Process of ripening where hard green acidic berries become dark, plump and sweet.
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Explain Fruit Set
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2-3 weeks after flowering the blooms turn into hard little green berries.
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Explain Flowering
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Once bud break and shoot growth has occured the vine produces flowers which will later turn into fruit. Flowers are at risk of cold, wet weather and pests.
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Explain Shoot Growth
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Vine concentrates energy on producing leafy shoots to encourage photosynthesis.
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Explain Bud Break
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Tender leafy shoots begin to emerge, vine is particularly vulnerable and is easy victim to pests or temperature.
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Explain Dormancy
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Period from fall to spring where vine's energies are focused on root development.
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Define Vitis Vinifera
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Wine Bearing grape from middle east and Europe that grow between 30 degree and 50 degree parallels.
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Explain Climate
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A series of long term averages of elements including humidity, temperature, percipitation, wind patterns, hours of sun, frost and heat accumulation.
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Explain Maritime Climate
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Found in Coastal Areas Close to large bodies of water. They are characterized above all by the mildness and relatively high rainfall. Summers are long and warm, winters are fairly short and cool.
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Explain Continental Climate
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Typically Experience more extreme conditions. 4 Distinct seasons with long cold winters and short hot summers.
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Define Meditteranean
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Long warm and dry summers with cool short winters.
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Explain Meso Climate
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A small area with a unique climate cause by specific topographical features.
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What happened in France in the 1930's.
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Laws put in place to protect the wine industry from fraud and garantee authenticity.
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What is the history of Phylloxera in the French wine industry?
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In the 1860's Phylloxera Vastatrix was introduced to Europe. There were an estimated 11 Billion Vines in France. After grafting to Amerian rootstock, many areas have less land devoted to vines, some regions changed their dominant grape variates and some abandoned grape growing altogether.
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What happened with Oz and NZ in the 18th century.
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Colonization by the English and introduction of vitis vinifera.
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Who established vineyards in the Cape region of South Africa in the 17th century?
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The Dutch
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Who brought new vines and techniques to Southern France, Spain and Souther Italy?
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The Greeks
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Who was Hippocrates?
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One of the fathers of modern medicine who believed that wine had medicinal properties.
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Who were the Phoenicians?
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Merchant-Traders based in Lebanon who practiced and showed us that where wine drinkers go, so does the vine.
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What discoveries did the Portugese make?
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Island of Madeira in the early 15th century and the Americas at the end of the century.
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Who were the Cistercians?
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An offshoot of the Benedictines who enclosed their best vineyards with walls or "Clos"
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Who were the Benedictines?
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Monks centered at Cluny in South of France's Burgundy region known for their wealth, being highly organized, and for the record keeping in grape growing and techniques of production.
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Who were Monks?
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During the Dark Ages the Christian Monastic orders developed and continued the maintenance of vineyards and production of wine throughout Europe.
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What are the Roman Manuals
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Romans Produced Manuals Describing Grape Growing and Winemaking, Understanding soil types, slope and vineyard aspect and European Wine Trade.
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What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?
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First written Epic tale, introduces Siduri, wine and beer maker to the gods.
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What was the role of the Sumerians?
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Established Trade relations with other cultures of the Middle East.
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Where is the First Wine From?
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Carbon Dating of petrified grape seeds (pips) suggests that it was likely in transcaucasia, the area south of the Caucasus mountains between the black and Caspian Seas. Today this area covers parts of Armenia and Georgia.
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Describe Riesling in Alsace
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Warmer and Drier than in Germany, Alsace produces fuller versions thanks to longer growing seasons and partly thanks to French Culture.
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Where is Riesling From?
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Germany
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Describe Riesling in a German vineyard.
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Late Ripener
Relies on Sun exposure, Heat Retaining Soil and protection from Northerly Winds. |
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Where does Riesling Flourish in Germany?
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RhineGau and Mosel with South Facing Steep Slopes with Dark Heat Retaining Slate Soils.
Cooler climates produce higher acidity, lighter style often with a spritziness. Also found in Rheinhessen, Nahe, Pfalz and Mittlerhein. |
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Where else does Riesling flourish outside of Germany?
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Italy - Alto Adige
Austria is biggest outside of France and Germany |
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What is the best known Austrian region for Riesling
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Wachau, located along Danube River producing a dry and concentrated wine of high quality.
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Describe Riesling from Oz
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Regions with higher altitude and Southern Regions such as Eden and Clare do well.
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Where can Riesling be found in NZ?
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Otago and Conterbury
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Where in North America has Riesling been succesful?
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Canada's Niagra Penninsula, NY's Finger lakes, Oregon, Washington and California.
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Describe Riesling in the vineyard.
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best in cool climate
impressive cold resistance thanks to hard wood Buds early and ripens late but is generally hardy Early budding makes it susceptable to Coulore TIght bunches make it susceptable to rot Botritis affected grapes produce Trockenbeerneauslese in Germany and Selection de Grains Nobles in France |
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Describe Riesling in the Winery.
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Most Winemakers prefer to uses non manipulative techniques. Stainless Steel Fermintatino at cool temperatures.
Winemakers style is usually reflected in the wines sugar and acid levels. Rieslings are some of the longest lived whites, naturally high acidity works as a preservative |
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Name the AOC's of Alsace
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Cremant de Alsace
Alsace Alsace Grand Cru |
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Define Terroir
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Reflection of Place, Season, Vintner, Year and all other influences that have an impact on the grape.
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Name the AOC's of the Loire that produce Cab Franc.
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Touraine
Touraine-Amboise Chinon Bourgeil |
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Name the 4 sub regions of the Loire
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Pays Nantais
Anjou-Saumur Touraine Central Vineyards |
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Define Negociant
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A grape buyer who produces wine.
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Define Kimeridgian
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Greyish Limestone soil type
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AOC's of the Loire that produce red wines from Pinot Noir
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Reuilly
Menetou-Salon Sancerre |
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State the main labelling difference between alsace and the rest of France
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IN Alsace wines are labeled by varietal instead of location
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Name the 1er Cru of Beaujolais
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Brouilly
Chenas Chiroubles Cote de Brouilly Fleurie Julienas Morgon Moulin-A-Vent Regnie St. Amour |
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Grape Varietal of Vouvray
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Chenin-Blanc
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Name the most famous AOC of the Cote Chalonnaise
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Mercurey
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Define Marl
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A Calcerous soil
Essentially Clay mixed with Carbonate of Lime If rich in invertabrate shells it is referred to as shell marl |
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Most Famous AOC of the Maconais
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Macon
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What is the difference between Crozes-Hermitage and Hermitage
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Crozes-Hermitage has flat land and clay soils
Hermitage is lots of slopes with more granitic soils |
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Name the grape of Condrieu
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Viogner
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Define"Selection de Grains Noble"
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Dessert Wines form Botrytis affected fruit.
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Name the AOC of the Loire similar to Sancerre
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Pouilly-Fume
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History of Cabernet Sauvignon
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Native to SW Bordeaux
Hearty in the vineyard, tough vine's wood allows mechanical harvesting and is good in extreme hot or cold. Resistant to most diseases other than powdery mildew Very thick skin Likes soils with good drainage and heat retention Buds and ripens late If not fully ripened will show varietal characteristics |
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Cabernet Sauvignon in the winery
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High skin to juice ratio musts protect it against negative effects of oxidation.
Can spend extended periods of time in wood. |
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Cabernet Sauvignon in the glass.
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Black fruits - cherry, currant and concentrated aromas...printers ink
Also can have aromas of mint, eucalypt, and sometimes bell pepper. Oak influence can give smoky, toasty, cigar box, and tobacco. Typically dark to opaque purples and rubies. |
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History of Pinot Noir
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Native to Eastern France: Burgundy and Champagne
Likes cooler climate Spatburgunder in Germany Early to bud and Ripen, susceptible to frost, coulure and gray rot. Likes to take it's time ripening Loves Limestone Has a penchant for genetic mutation. |
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Pinot Noir in the winery
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In cool climates it is often chaptalized to increase alcohol. Most producers observe a hands off approach and avoid significant manipulation of the must. Perform a pre-fermintation maceration or cold soad to extract tannin.
Fermentation traditionally performed in open top fermenters with gentle punch down. Matured in seasoned oak barrels. |
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Pinot Noir in the glass
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Nose tends to red fruit: strawberry, raspberry and cherry. In warmer vintages can be mascerated, strawberry jam, cherry cola, plum and bing cherry.
Earthy aspects such as leather, game, mushrooms, and beets. Barnyard and floral aromas IE Violets Med-High Intensity Tneds to be pale ruby but new world can have a deep ruby hue. Med - tannin, med + acidity and body |
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in serving wine with food: complex....
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compliments simple
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in serving food with wine pair light with ____ and heavy with _____
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light and full
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in serving food with wine intensity of a wine can act as _______-
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a substitute for weight
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in serving food with wine pair high acid wines with ____________
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High fat, sweet or salty
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in pairing food with wine sweet, acidic or both pair with ________
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salty
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in pairing food with wine sweetness should be less than or equal to
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the sweetness of the food
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in pairing food with wine sweetness ______ mild spice or saltiness
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masks
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in pairing food with wine tannic wines should be paired with foods
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high in protein and fat rich foods, grilled meat
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Spicy food ____________________ of your wine
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accentuates the alcohol
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What does DOC stand for and where is it used
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Denominatzione di Origine Controllata
Italy and Denominacau de Origem Controlada Portugal |
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What does AOC stand for and where is it used
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Appellation d'Origine Controlee
France |
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What does DO stand for and where is it from?
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Denominacion de Origem
Spain |
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What does QBA stand for and where is it from?
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Qualitatswein Bestimmter Andbaugebiete
Germany |
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What does GI stand for and where is it used?
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Geographic Indication
Australia |
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What does AVA stand for and where is it used?
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American Viticultural Area
USA |
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What is the most widely planted grape for wine production globally?
|
Chardonnay
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What is believed to be the reason for the popularity of cultivation of the Chardonnay Grape?
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Easy to grow, to make into wine and to drink.
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What hurt the market for Chardonnay in the US during the late 80's and early 90's.
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Overly oaked production through the early 80's of lower quality "Jug wine"
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Where is Chardonnay From?
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East Central France best shown in Chablis, Cote de Beaunne and Maconnais
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Where is Chardonnay grown in Cote de Beaune
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Mersault
Puligny Montrachet Chassagne Montrachet are all rich and oaky Pouilly Fuisse is more steely and rich |
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Describe Chardonnay in the vineyard
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Highly adaptable to soil and climate types
susceptable to powdery mildew |
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Define Bourbon
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Made in the US from 51% corn with 2 years in New American Oak Casks with heavy char and produced in a pot still.
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Define Albemic
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Pot Still
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List the styles of Ale
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Pale Ale
Bitter Porter Stout Wheat |
