Windows

Front 1

Windows

Back 1

bring light and views to a rm.
define room's shape
provides arch. focal pt.
allows for vent.
provides for emer. escape.

Front 2

2 basic types of windows

Back 2

fixed- accents; where light and views (not vent.) are imp.

operable- slide up and down, sideways or hinged.

Front 3

double hung

Back 3

excellent control- vent.
commonly residential
classic aesthetic

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casement

Back 4

hinged on one side and swings out
opens fully- great vent.
easy to clean

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slider

Back 5

contemporary appearance
2 sashes: one fixed, other slides.
half open for vent

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awning

Back 6

hinges @top and tilts out @bottom
used above doors and windows

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jalousie/"louvered"

Back 7

excellent for vent but poor insulation

Front 8

hopper

Back 8

hinges @ bottom

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tilt-turn

Back 9

tilts out for vent but can also be opened fully for cleaning/emer. escape

Front 10

round top
(and other geometrically shaped windows)

Back 10

used as arch. accents.

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bow

Back 11

made from several windows positioned side-by-side to create an arcing form.
adds same drama as bay window

Front 12

seamless bent glass corner

Back 12

new product
unobstructed views

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bay window

Back 13

central sash and 2 angled side sashes
classic fav. for expanding a room w/light, views , and drama.

Front 14

Glass block

Back 14

light-allowing alternative to conventional windows-
used both on ext. and int. walls

Front 15

Material and Construction options for windows

Back 15

wood
vinyl
steel
aluminum
Fiberglass
composite

Front 16

wood- windows

Back 16

residential standard
strong, easy to work with
energy efficient
require reg. maintenance

Front 17

vinyl- windows

Back 17

inexpensive, durable
relatively energy efficient
chunky appearance
virtually maintenance free
can't paint

Front 18

steel- windows

Back 18

industrial buildings
pre-war modern homes
very strong
durable- not maintenance free: rust
poor thermal insulator: condensation on int. of windows

Front 19

Aluminum- windows

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many qualities of steel
don't have to paint
aren't energy efficient
condensation
high quality: thermal breaks

Front 20

Fiberglass: windows

Back 20

relatively new material
excellent durability
strong
even more efficient than wood
EXPENSIVE

Front 21

composite: windows

Back 21

sash and frame: multiple materials
allows manufacturer to make material fit for task.
new: blend of plastic and wood
can be painted, still impervious if paint chips

Front 22

Glazing

Back 22

process of installing glass in framing, and framing itself

Front 23

Types of glass

Back 23

float
tempered
laminated
wire
fire-rated

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float glass

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aka annealed glass
standard type of glass
common window app.
not used as safety glazing

Front 25

Tempered glass

Back 25

subjecting annealed glass to heat trtmnt
4x stronger
safety glazing
breaks into small pieces rather than shards

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laminated glass

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2 or more layer of glass bonded together by polyvinyl butryral resin
used where strong glazing is required/where acoustical control is needed.
bullet resistant

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wire glass

Back 27

wire mesh embedded in middle of glass
used in fire-rated assemblies
not safety glass

Front 28

fire-rated glass

Back 28

3 levels: 30, 60, 90 min.
interlayer gel foams when exposed to heat and forms a heat sheild

Front 29

Ceiling systems

Back 29

generally not structural

Front 30

types of ceilings

Back 30

coffer
tin
dropped

Front 31

coffer

Back 31

aka lacunar ceiling
islamic and renaissance architecture
Roman: lightens weight of dome

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tin ceiling

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victorian- 19th and 20th cent.

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dropped

Back 33

anywhere from a few in.'s to several ft.
grid-work of metal channels in shape of an upside-down T
originally developed to conceal underside of the floor above and to offer acoustic balance.
add insulation: Sound Attentuation Batts (SAB's)

Front 34

Roof systems

Back 34

protects building from effects of weather.
construction determined by method of support and how underneath space is bridges and whether or not roof is pitched.

Front 35

pitch

Back 35

angle @ which roof rises from lowest to highest pt.
partly dependent on stylistic factors- more to do with practicalities.
rise/span

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durability of roof

Back 36

real concern bc its least accessible area of building.

Front 37

Truss

Back 37

structure comprising of 1/more triangular units constructed with straight, slender members whose ends are connected @ joints.

Front 38

Plane truss

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all members and joints lie within a 2-d plane

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space truss

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members and joints extend into 3-d's

Front 40

3 basic types of trusses

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pitched truss (common truss)
Parallel chord truss (flat truss)
truncated truss

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pitched truss (common truss)

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characterized by triangular shape. most often used for roof construction
named according to their web configuration.
chord sixe and web configuration determined by span, load, and spacing.

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paralled chord truss (flat truss)

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named for its parallel top and bottom chords
often used for floor construction
no pitch

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truncated truss

Back 43

used in hip roof construction
metal plate connected wood truss is a roof or floor truss whose wood members are connected with metal connector plates.

Front 44

Rafters

Back 44

structural member- supports roof of building.
home construction- typ. wood.
exposed rafters- traditional.
replaced by trusses b/c of span limitations &/or roof load.
pitch: measured in rise/span.

Front 45

Purlin

Back 45

hor. structural member in a roof.
supports loads from roof deck or sheathing and are supported by the principal rafters &/or building walls.

Front 46

Girder

Back 46

term used to denote main horizontal support of a structure which supports smaller beams.
often have an i-beam cross section for strength, may also have a box shape
used in building of bridges

Front 47

Warren Type Girder

Back 47

combines strength with economy of materials.
patented in 1848 by James Warren and Willoughby Theobald Mozani
alternately inverted triangles- only exposed to tension/compression.

Front 48

Joist

Back 48

horizontal supporting member that runs from wall to wall, wall to beam, or beam to beam to support a ceiling, roof, or floor.
wood, steel, or concrete.
beam- bigger than and distinguished from joist.

Front 49

Contract Document

Back 49

guide: instructions for construction.
show location, size and particulars of structure

Front 50

construction drawings

Back 50

describe in detail the extent of the work/project; its location, dimensions, construction elements
contractual.

Front 51

Specifications

Back 51

written documents that clearly describe the required materials, requirements for execution of the work, and workmanship expected.
sometimes on drawings themselves, most included in "job book"

Front 52

Specification types

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open, closed
proprietary
descriptive
reference
performance.

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proprietary

Back 53

closed
restrictive: spec. manufacturer's product
designer has complete control over what is installed
easy to write- basic info

Front 54

descriptive

Back 54

open
detail- written requirements for the materials/products/finishes/fabrication methods
doesn't call out any manufacturers
difficult to write

Front 55

Reference

Back 55

open
similar to descriptive
generally based on set standards
easy to write, short.
designer must be up-to-date on standards

Front 56

performance

Back 56

open
sets criteria and expected performances of item being specified.

Front 57

millwork

Back 57

custom, shop-fabricated components built of lumber for int. finish construction
cabinetry, paneling, doors and frames, furniture and trims.

Front 58

3 grades of millwork

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premium
custum
economy

Front 59

lumber

Back 59

way lumber is cut determines the final appearance of grain pattern.

Front 60

3 ways to cut solid stock

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plain sawn (flat sawn)
1/4 sawn
rift sawn

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plain sawn

Back 61

through and through
most efficient use of log
cut along one single direction from end to end

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1/4 sawn

Back 62

produced by cutting the log in 1/4's and then saw perp. to diameter line.
grain is uniformly vertical
more expensive
more sturdy
higher waste

Front 63

Rift sawing

Back 63

provides even more consistent vertical grain.
generates most waste

Front 64

5 methods

Back 64

rotary slicing
plain slicing
1/4 slicing
1/2-round slicing
rift slicing

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rotary slicing

Back 65

very pronounced grain pattern that is often undesired in fine-quality wood finishes
most efficient use of log

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plain slicing

Back 66

much same as cutting solid stock

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1/4 slicing

Back 67

much same as cutting solid stock
produces more straight-grain pattern than plain slicing.

Front 68

1/2-round slicing

Back 68

accomplished by slicing 1/4 log in rotary manner
straight grain pattern

Front 69

Factors that influence bodily comfort

Back 69

Air temperature
Humidity level
Radiation to or from nearby surfaces
Air movement

Front 70

FOUR WAYS HEAT CAN BE PROVIDED

Back 70

convection
radiation
conduction
evaporation

Front 71

convection

Back 71

• Warmed air conveys heat and warms whatever it touches
• Provides cooler air to carry excess heat.

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radiation

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• Can be supplied by many small, portable heaters and by systems of floor or panel heating that has little effect on air temperature but still maintains body comfort.
• Radiation of body heat to cool surfaces is also a means of reducing excess levels of heat.

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cunduction

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• Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object through physical contact.
• Carries off heat through contact with cooler surfaces

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Evaporation

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• Effective in removing excess heat rather than in supplying heat
• Cooling results as moisture is evaporated from surfaces of the human body.

Front 75

types of heating systems

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hot water/steam heating
warm/hot air heating
radiant heating
solar heating

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Hota water/steam heating

Back 76

o Broiler heats water that is circulated though pipes to spaces to be heated.
o Air is heated as it passes over the radiators naturally or as it is blown over the radiator pipes by blowers in “fan coil” units as needed.
o Steam heating- similar except that the boiler raises water temp. to a level that generates steam, which is piped to the radiators

Front 77

• WARM (OR HOT) AIR HEATING

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o Require a furnace in which air is passed over a heating unit that warms the air to a temperature controlled by one or more thermostats.
o Fan blows the heated air through ducts to spaces.
Can provide controlled humidity
o Re-circulation of air can be a troublesome source of indoor air pollution if filtration and cleaning of returned air is inadequate.

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• RADIANT HEATING

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o Use pipes carrying heated water or electric heating wires embedded in floors, walls, or ceilings
• Few visible elements.
o Make specific demands in terms of material choices:

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solar heating

Back 79

passive, active
o Requires some basic architectural involvement in terms of orientation, size and placement of windows and overhangs, and the choices of interior materials for floors and ceilings.

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o Passive Solar Heating

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Heat from sun enters through windows and heats interior surfaces, primarily floors.

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o Active Solar Heating

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• Uses sun heat to heat air or water in collector elements.
• Heated air/water then is circulated by mechanical fans/pumps to deliver heat when and where needed.

Front 82

Ventilation

Back 82

• Essential to provide fresh air to replace air made stale by smoking, cooking, and breathing, as well as to remove dust, pollen, and odors.
• Past: opening of windows and doors provided adequate ventilation.
• Modern warm-air heating and a/c systems can provide fresh air and filter re-circulated air.
• Windowless interior spaces always need some provision for ventilation.

Front 83

Air-Conditioning

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• Describes systems that provide cooling, controlled humidification, and air filtration and purification.
• Cooling function of a/c systems is provided by mechanical refrigeration—removes heat from the conditioned spaces and discharges it to the outside in the form of warmed air or water.

Front 84

Energy supply for HVAC

Back 84

coal
wood
electricity
geothermal
solar

Front 85

why consider acoustics during design phase

Back 85

Reduce costs:
Don’t sacrifice aesthetics:
Limit liability
optimal efficiency and productivity
Protect the health and safety of end-users
Consider sustainability

Front 86

• Reverberation

Back 86

o When a sound source stops emitting energy, it takes some time for the sound to become inaudible.
o Prolongation of the sounds in the room caused by continued multiple reflections are called reverberation.