Wildlife Managment Test 2

Front 1

A table of population data
based on a sample of the population
showing the age at which each member
died

Back 1

Life Table

Front 2

= age

Back 2

x

Front 3

= number alive at age x

Back 3

fx

Front 4

= proportion surviving from the start of the life table to beginning of age x

Back 4

lx

Front 5

lx=

Back 5

fx/fo

Front 6

= average number of offspring
born per unit time to an individual female of
a particular age

Back 6

mx(or bx)

Front 7

Mean # of offspring produced per female over her lifetime

Back 7

Net Reproductive Rate (Ro)

Front 8

Ro=

Back 8

Σ(lx)(mx)

Front 9

Rate of population increase is ____ for
organisms with longer generation times

Back 9

Slower

Front 10

• “Cohort” “Generation” “Horizontal”
• Follow cohort of organisms over time
• Can calculate survivorship curves
directly
– Can then calculate life-table

Back 10

Dynamic Life Table

Front 11

• “Static” “Stationary” “Current” “Vertical”
• Sample of individuals from each age class
– Cross-section of population at a specific time
• E.g. during one time interval calculate:
– Number of individuals in each age group
– Survivorship
– Can generate life table

Back 11

Time-Specific Life Table

Front 12

Value of Life Table

Back 12

Relasionship between d and b
Est. intrinsic rate of increase
Model Population dynamics
Identify "weakest" link in population

Front 13

all relationships fixed and
the concept of probability does not enter

Back 13

Deterministic Model

Front 14

based on probabilities

Back 14

Stochastic Model

Front 15

random variation in gene
frequencies of a population due to genetic drift,
bottlenecks, inbreeding, and similar factors
important in very small
populations (50/500 rule)

Back 15

Genetic Stochasticity

Front 16

random variation in
birth and death rates that can lead by chance to
extinction
critical to extinction
only when populations very small (less than about 50
individuals)

Back 16

Demographic Stochasticity

Front 17

Unpredictable
sources of density-independent mortality

Back 17

Enviormental Stochastic

Front 18

A comprehensive analysis of the many
environmental and demographic factors that
affect survival of a population

Back 18

Population Viability Analysis

Front 19

The smallest isolated population that has a
specified statistical chance of remaining
extant for a specified period of time in the
face of foreseeable demographic, genetic,
and environmental stochasticities, plus
natural catastrophes

Back 19

Minimum Viable Population

Front 20

The proportional change in λ give the proportional
change in a single demographic vital rate

Back 20

Elasticity

Front 21

necessary aspects for survival
– Food
– Water
– Cover
– Space
– Oxygen

Back 21

Welfare factors

Front 22

– those that kill directly
– Hunting
– Predation
– Disease
– Accidents
– Starvation

Back 22

Decimating factors

Front 23

process animals use to procure
and process portions of their external
environment for the continued functioning
of internal metabolism

Back 23

Nutrition

Front 24

Browse and herbage, which is
available and may provide food for grazing
animals or be harvested for feeding

Back 24

Forage

Front 25

diet of wildlife

Back 25

Food habits

Front 26

intake at which
animal’s weight remains constant and the animal
remains healthy

Back 26

Maintence requirements

Front 27

Organic compounds, which occur in
food in minute amounts and cannot be synthesized
by animals, and are essential for normal life and
functioning

Back 27

Vitamins

Front 28

essential inorganic elements

Back 28

Minerals

Front 29

Eat own shit

Back 29

Coprophagy

Front 30

Eat dirt

Back 30

Geophagy

Front 31

water is a product of
respiration (converting sugar to carbon
dioxide and water)

Back 31

Metabolic

Front 32

3 ways Kangaroo rats conserve water

Back 32

• Nasal physiology
• Renal physiology
• Create humid climate
• Nocturnal behavior
• Metabolic and
preformed reclamation
of water

Front 33

Heat is absorbed as one exhales

Back 33

Counter current heat exchange

Front 34

the resources and conditions
present in an area that produce occupancy,
including survival and reproduction, of a
given organisms

Back 34

Habitat

Front 35

rate of growth of a
population is dependent on the nutrient or other
condition present in the minimum quantity in terms
of need and availability

Back 35

Liebig's law of minimum

Front 36

Who said: any condition which nears or
surpasses the limits of tolerance for the organism
becomes a limiting factor

Back 36

Eugene Odum

Front 37

A hierarchical process
involving a series of innate and learned behavioral
decisions made by an animal about what habitat it
would use at different scales in the environment

Back 37

Habitat selection

Front 38

Used to describe the relative use
of different locations (habitats) by an individual or
species

Back 38

Habitat preference

Front 39

The ability of the area to
provide conditions appropriate for
individual and population persistence

Back 39

Habitat Quality

Front 40

legal term describing
the physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of a species

Back 40

Critical Habitat

Front 41

1st order of Hierarchical Selection

Back 41

Geographic range

Front 42

2nd order of Hierarchical Selection

Back 42

Home range of individual

Front 43

3rd order of Hierarchical Selection

Back 43

used habitat components in home range

Front 44

The following are examples of what type of habitat evaluation:
– Vegetation
– Geology
– Topography
– Soils
– Weather
– Climate
– Cultural features
– History of area
– Indicators of usefulness for focal species

Back 44

Site description

Front 45

The following are examples of what type of habitat evaluation:
– Vegetation: cover, density, composition
– Browse intensity
– Penetrating light
– Precipitation
– Available food/food used
– Water
– Disturbance
– Abundance/use snags, cavities, caves, cliffs
– Other special factors

Back 45

Primary survey

Front 46

The concept that one kind
of mortality largely replaces another kind of
mortality in animal populations

Back 46

Compensatory

Front 47

The concept that the effect
of one kind of mortality is added to those of
other sources of mortality

Back 47

Addative

Front 48

the behavioral
response of individual predators in terms of
consumption rate

Back 48

Functional responce

Front 49

the response of
predator populations through reproduction,
immigration, and emigration

Back 49

Numerical Responce

Front 50

What are a few ways to mesure the harvest

Back 50

Success ratio
Mandatory reporting
Check stations
Telephone survey
Mail survey
Population model

Front 51

The amount of allowable
harvest at a particular population size that will
maintain that population size

Back 51

Sustained Yield

Front 52

h =

Back 52

rate of population growth without harvest

Front 53

Sustained Yield=

Back 53

N*h

Front 54

the largest number of
animals or plants that can be harvested from a
population and maintain the population at a
stable level

Back 54

Maximum yield

Front 55

Maximum Sustained Yield is attainable when:

Back 55

population is kept at 1/2 K
Harvest takes annual production

Front 56

MSY=

Back 56

(Kr)/4

Front 57

The number of animals
or plants that can be harvested from a
population, taking into account not only
biological potential of the population, but
also human demands, including aesthetics,
ethics, and preservation

Back 57

Optimum yield

Front 58

Culling the proportion of
individuals you expect to die due to natural mortality

Back 58

Compensatory mortality

Front 59

any increase in hunting mortality
will decrease population

Back 59

Additive mortality

Front 60

study of the cause of a disease

Back 60

Etiology

Front 61

The chronic level of disease frequency

Back 61

Enzootic

Front 62

An outbreak of a disease

Back 62

Epizootic

Front 63

Study of disease ecology

Back 63

Epizootiology