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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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three inputs that determine your management goals |
stakeholders context of the situation(pop exchange, past use, etc) constraints (taxes, hunters , donations) |
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increase/ decrease for goals |
increase-hunting, ecosystem service, existing value decrease-nuisance, predator/competitor tools-habitate food water, hunting, trapping, disease |
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_________ owns much of the protected land |
state or federal governments |
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minimum viable population |
minimum population size that will allow the population to persist for a given period of time with a given probability |
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population viability analysis |
predicts population size in the future as a function of specified variables |
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population viability equation |
N(t+1) = (Nt x s) +(Nt x b x s) where v is the average number of offspring per individual and s is probability of surviving from one time to the next |
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population variable analysis is a deterministic model because |
survival and number offspring never varies |
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stochastic models |
every individual in a generation gets a value between 0 and 1. if number is less than the survival value (.5) it dies. each individual gets randomly selected for male/female and environmental variation. now they require habitat only governments or super rich can maintain |
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landscape context |
needs to be in a setting that wildlife management works (rangers take over refuge) |
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problems with protection of wildlife |
public: multiple use, goals conflict preserving for the enjoyment of the people conflict with willdlife |
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management options for protection |
let people know they are entering a natural habitat(bear example) starker in less developed countries (bwini gorrilas) |
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wildlife reserve has three user groups |
local residents: they must be permited to continue their way of life or benefit from the park larger population: must support the idea of habitat preservfation, at least through tax dollars visitors: must serve for revenue |
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historically, forrests resemble |
more sandy or prarie |
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restore habitats: 3 important species of pine canopy |
loblolly pine- not native in south slash pine - abundant longleaf pine - classic pine |
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restore habitats: mid and understory |
oaks, gum, maple (hardwood) |
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restore habitats: domanates lower layer during warm seasons |
wire grass |
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restoring habitat: all components were shapped by |
fire ( longleaf is resistant, germinates best on bare soils, removes hardowwd midstory, wire grass will only produce fertile seeds if burned) |
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two basic methods of forest cutting and how to get each |
even - aged management ( all trees are same age; easy to plant and harvest) uneven aged management ( trees within vary with age; selective) |
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how to get even aged management |
clear cut (take all harvestable trees at once) shelterwood and seed tree (leaves trees for shade and shelter) |
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how to get uneven aged cuts |
single tree selection, group selection, selective harvests question of scale and time (cutting cycle and rotation times) |
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3 types of clearings in management |
1) OPENINGS AND CLEARINGS ( rotation cycle with small scale habitat) 2) SIZE OF FOREST HABITAT ( area sensitive of unfragemented forest left behind/ islands for predators and parasites) 3) EDGE (game species encouraged/ dry to moist, wind to chady, warm to cool) |
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edge effects initiate |
ecological trap (predators/parasites. MESOPREDATOR RELEASE /trophic cascade |
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connectivity |
CORRIDORS - natural habitats facilitate movement between habitat. fencerow, landscape, regional, |
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snags |
standing dead and dying trees, traditionally removed as a source of disease . PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CAVITY NESTERS |
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3 different ways to describe food chains |
heterotrophic and autotrophic producer, herbivore carnivore producere, primary secondary tertiary consumer |
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ecological efficiency |
10%, proportion of digested energy turned into secondary production |
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daily energy requirement of endotherms |
140 x (body mass)^.75 |
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carbohydrates |
simple sugars and their polymers. large amounts are avalible, however cellulose and linin. cece leads to microbial fermentation. ruminants |
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lipids |
energy rich/ fat content. measure of animal health. |
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proteins |
nitrogen rich and important for metabolic functions. carnivores readlily acquuier. shhots and leavs seats and frout |
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vitamins |
complex molecules that cant be synthized by themselves. coprophagy - vitamin needs. |
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food is a _________ in wildlife populations |
limiting factor |
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salt drive |
most common in spring due to diet or winter loos of minerals in bone |
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management of food |
1. limit items in diet 2. frequency (#animals eating items)/ (#animals analyzed) or (# items of interest)/(total # of items) 3. percent occurence (dry mass of item)/ (dry mass of all items) or (volume of item)/(volume of all items) 4. nutrient analysis (percent dry weight of carbs, fat, protein) 5. digestibility (dry mass of material eaten - dry mass of excretement)/(dry mass of material eaten) 6. food preference (propotrion of tem in diet/ proportion of item avalible) "use" versus "availability " |
