Wildlife Biology Midterm 2

Front 1

census

Back 1

complete count of individuals in a population

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estimate

Back 2

made on the basis of a statistical sample
done by:
1. counting inanimate objects (droppings, dens, etc.)
2. counting animals

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indices

Back 3

quantitative measure of a population that compares the relative abundance between areas or changes in abundance from one time to another

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model: conceptual value

Back 4

forces the researcher to think about population dynamics in new ways

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model: developmental value

Back 5

forces the researcher to become aware of the usefulness of various types of information necessary to construct an accurate model

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model: output value

Back 6

model may be useful in predicting future courses of the modeled population or the effects of manipulation of the population by altering the environment or rates of harvesting

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stable population response

Back 7

respond to the carrying capacity of the habitat BEFORE food becomes limiting (typically K-selected species)

Example: most large carnivores (wolves, lions, etc.)

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irruptive populations

Back 8

seem to be largely unpredictable
population changes are usually attributed to weather and climate and resultant vegetational changes.

Example: Raccoons

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3-4 year cycle

Back 9

cycle found in simple ecosystems
fewer species to give the system stability
associated with TUNDRA

Example: lemmings, arctic fox

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9-10 year cycle

Back 10

cycle usually found in BOREAL FOREST
best evidence from North America
species such as snowshoe rabbit, muskrat, and grouse

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interaction principle

Back 11

the genotype (inherited genetic material) and environment (complex of climatic, edaphic, and biotic factors) both impact the phenotype (summation of observable structural and functional properties)

genotype --> phenotype <-- environment

Example: Beavers

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genotype

Back 12

genetic material (inherited) and expression in an individual (innate)

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phenotype

Back 13

summation of observable structural and functional properties

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inclusive fitness

Back 14

the sum of an animal's fitness as measured by personal reproductive success and that of relatives with those relatives devalued in proportion to their genetic distance. Animals behave to maximize this.

Example: I will save my son or father before I save my 2nd cousin.

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habitat selection

Back 15

where animals feed, breed, and carry on other important activities depends on intra-specific and inter-specific relationships + environmental factors. Occurs within limits of the Interaction Principle.

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cognitive map (type of habitat selection)

Back 16

innate map or matrix of suitable habitat
choice made according to degree of fit

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direct assessment of food supply (type of habitat selection)

Back 17

species assess the population level of the food supply and adjust habitat and breeding selection accordingly

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negative feedback mechanisms (type of habitat selection)

Back 18

lack of negative cues (and presence of positive cues) work to cause avoidance or selection

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monogamy (type of breeding system)

Back 19

one male with one female
may last one season or many years

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polygyny (type of breeding system)

Back 20

Ladies men: 2+ females per male
dominant system in mammals

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polyandry (type of breeding system)

Back 21

Gent's lady: 2+ males per female
not common in vertebrates
common in insects
successful for some birds

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promiscuity (type of breeding system)

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indiscriminate mating
no pair-bond or the pairing lasts only as long as copulation
very common system
Lek breeders follow this system

Example: Mice, monkey, wilda beast

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Lek

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"playground" breeding
specific breeding ground defended by the males
most desirable males in center

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ultimate factors

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food, water, cover, disease, predation, etc.
factors that stop the "J" curve growth and push the population to an "S" curve distribution (at the graph's peak)

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proximate factors

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psychological and behavioral population limiting factors that often come into operation before starvation and other ultimate factors limit the population
*behavioral hierarchies
*territories
*active regulation

(at beginning ground start of graph)

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crop

Back 26

collection chamber of ingested food
(fowls)

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glandular stomach / proventriculus

Back 27

true stomach that secretes enzymes to initiate digestion
(fowls)

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gizzard / ventriculus

Back 28

muscular stomach capable of strong contractions
storage of ingested grit that aids in the physical breakdown of food

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ceca or cecum (2)

Back 29

microbial digestion and bacterial decomposition of fibrous food
produces darker droppings and VFA.
(2 in fowls, 1 enlarged in herbivore monogastric mammals)

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stomach

Back 30

area of digestion of ingested food
(monogastric mammal)

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small intestine

Back 31

absorption of water and digested protein
(monogastric mammal)

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large intestine

Back 32

aids in further digestion and absorption
(monogastric mammal)

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rumen and reticulum

Back 33

80% of the capacity of the stomach
main fermentation vat where billions of microorganisms break down the relatively indigestible food components
(ruminants)

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omasum

Back 34

acts as the filter pump to sort liquid and fine food particles
water, minerals, and nitrogen absorbed here
(ruminants)

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abomasum

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true stomach
only location in the digestive system that produces gastric juices
(ruminants)

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foregut digestion (FG)

Back 36

rate limited
rumen fills and they have to stop and chew cud

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hindgut digestion (HG)

Back 37

spend more time foraging
not as rate limited
cecum and colon involvement

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cecaphagy

Back 38

the eating of cecal droppings

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copraphagy

Back 39

the eating of feces

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guzzler

Back 40

man made rain trap

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macro-nutrients

Back 41

Inorganic materials required in relatively large quantities (3.5-4%)
1.structural elements
2. enzyme activators or components
3. regulators
4. produce and regulate energy

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micro-nutrients

Back 42

Inorganic materials required in VERY small quantities
1.structural elements
2. enzyme activators or components
3. regulators
4. produce and regulate energy

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Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)

Back 43

products of microbial breakdown of sugars and non-sugar carbohydrates in the stomach and cecum of herbivores

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crude protein

Back 44

the measure of total protein percentage
^ (want to MAXIMIZE. Minimum # is 7%)

Front 45

crude fats

Back 45

the mixture of fat-soluble material
v (want to MINIMIZE)

Front 46

Nitrogen-free Extract (NFE)

Back 46

carbohydrates, sugars, and starches
^ (want to MAXIMIZE)

Front 47

Feeding Efficiency (FE)

Back 47

(Net energy (Kcal) spent securing food)/ (Net energy (Kcal) obtained in food gathered)
*the closer to 0, the better

Front 48

Preference Index (PI)

Back 48

(Relative % dry-weight of forage in diet)/(Relative % dry-weight of forage in habitat)
a behavioral characteristic

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palatability

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a characteristic of the food (e.g. bitter or sweet). Food gives species a "Key sign stimulus" to eat it.

Example: Red apples.

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euphagia / nutritional wisdom

Back 50

instinctive tendency to select foods for their specific nutrient content. Animals eat them because they know it's good for them.

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hedyphagia

Back 51

select foods to minimized unpleasant and maximize pleasant taste, olfactory, and/or other attractions
the "popcorn effect". Animal snackage.

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learned aversions

Back 52

based on a learning based model with foods placed into 4 basic categories according to experience:
1. familiar-aversive (illness)
2. novel (new)
3. familiar-safe (well-being)
4. familiar-positive (getting well & feeling better)

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rate limited feeding

Back 53

foregut (FG) and ruminant digestion
rumen fills and they have to stop and chew cud

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Feeding Habits

Back 54

3 broad strategies for herbivores:
1. Bulk--grazers. Spend minimum time eating daily.
2. Mixed feeder--Eat here and there during the day.
3. Concentrate--Are looking for food to eat all day.

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Model of approx. energy use (categories/%)

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Model that shows how/where food energy goes in wildlife species

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Energy use- feces and urine

Back 56

30%. Completely unused by the animal.

Front 57

Energy use-Heat production

Back 57

60%. Allows animal to maintain body heat and prevent cramps so they can live.

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Energy use-tissue and reproduction

Back 58

5-10%. Essential to animal's healing and growth.

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Foraging

Back 59

Behavior and ecological relationships involved in gathering food can act as sever limiting factors.

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3 basic and essential nutritive categories

Back 60

1. Water
2. Inorganic minerals (C, H, O, N)
3. Organic compounds

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% and/or ratios of fiber, ash, and Ca:P animals look for in food.

Back 61

Fiber and ash: just enough
Ca:P 1-5:1 = :) 6:1 = :(

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hydroseral wildlife

Back 62

adapted to wetlands

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mesoseral wildlife

Back 63

adapted to moderate moisture

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xeroseral wildlife

Back 64

adapted to deserts

Front 65

low-successional wildlife

Back 65

species dependent on annual grasses and forbs as well as annual agricultural crops

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mid-successional wildlife

Back 66

species associated with succession induced by disturbances such as fire, logging, livestock grazing as well as other factors

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climax-successional wildlife

Back 67

many threatened and endangered species

Front 68

habitat unit size

Back 68

minimum unit area required by each wildlife species
includes daily and seasonal ranges of the individual and population

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interspersion

Back 69

mixture of habitats in a patchwork of food, cover, water, etc.

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edge

Back 70

boundary where one kind of biotic community (or land use) ends and another kind starts
increases and interspersion increases

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ecotone

Back 71

the area were adjacent communities blend (usually gradually)

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covert

Back 72

protective cover area where two or more vegetative types come together or a corner of less than 120 degrees occurs
unusually good habitat for wildlife

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Objectives of Wildlife Management

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1. retain existent beneficial habitat factors
2.add or replace missing but essential habitat factors
3. remove existent harmful factors within the habitat
4. provide for population regulation of wildlife featured in the management plan by natural means or induced factors

Front 74

disease

Back 74

a lack of health
a disturbance to the normal function or structure of an animal

Examples:
1. Buffalo and brucellosis
2. Rabbits and myxamotsis (puffy eyes)
3. Sage grouse and coccidiosis (bloody poopy)

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etiology

Back 75

the science dealing with causes of disease

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causative agents

Back 76

usually infectious, parasitic, toxic, physiological, nutritional, congenital, and degenerative factors

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pathogens

Back 77

etiological agents that include bacteria (microscopic), viruses (sub-microscopic infectious agents), rickettsias, parasites, fungi, etc.

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enzootic

Back 78

low but chronic level of disease occurrence in a single population
normal

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epizootic

Back 79

acute outbreak or expression of a disease
cause for concern

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zoonosis

Back 80

diseases that may be shared by man and animals
(e.g. rabies, tularemia, influenza, brucellosis, plague, hantavirus, mad cow disease, etc.)

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Epizootiology Effect
H

Back 81

host

Front 82

Epizootiology Effect
P

Back 82

pathogen

Front 83

Epizootiology Effect
E

Back 83

environment

Front 84

Epizootiology Effect
I

Back 84

interaction

Front 85

Epizootiology Effect
V

Back 85

vector

Front 86

Epizootiology Effect
D

Back 86

dispersal

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Epizootiology Effect

Back 87

H+P+E+I+V+D

Example:
1. deer mouse and Hantavirus in people's cabins during spring
2. jack rabbit and tularemia (+ species = + disease) with puffy eyes
3.

Front 88

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Adrenal Pituitary Stress Syndrome
Selye Stress Syndrone

Back 88

set of nonspecific physiological adjustments made by the body in order to maintain homeostasis when confronted by stressors
(look at graph on syllabus p.69)

Front 89

stress

Back 89

adrenal-pituitary imbalance
1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion

Front 90

shock disease

Back 90

exhaustion phase of stress
mortality

Example: clap your hands and possums play dead

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predation

Back 91

the action of an organism that depends in total or in part on killing another animal for its food. Good, bad, and no effect.

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threshold of security

Back 92

that low level of population density of the prey species at which predators no longer find it profitable to hunt the prey

Front 93

pinch period

Back 93

that period of the annual cycle (seasonal) when the factors necessary for life are least favorable

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functional response (predators to prey)

Back 94

EATING
more prey eaten as the density of prey increases
little if any functional response below threshold of security

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numerical response (predators to prey)

Back 95

DENSITY
as density increases, the density of the predator(s) may also increase
no numerical response below threshold of security
generally a "lag" in response to prey density
inverse response when prey is 1. unavailable 2. distracts the predator

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sport hunting

Back 96

view that hunting is a sport
often associated with sportsmen organizations

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maximum sustained yield

Back 97

the largest average harvest that can be taken continuously from a population under existing conditions (1/2 of carrying capacity)

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optimum sustained yield

Back 98

a management concept since a segment of the population objects to having animals managed for maximum harvest
1. greatest overall benefit to the nation (food + recreation)
2. prescribed as much on the basis of maximum sustained yield as modified by economic, social, or ecological factors

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Adaptive Harvest Management (AHM)

Back 99

new approach that applies the flow of new data to continually update two or more competing hypotheses or models on population control
weight increases for model that consistently performs best

Front 100

zone of surplus

Back 100

the number of prey species that can be removed by predators without having a negative impact on habitat sustainable numbers (unless occurance of extreme event) and may even be beneficial to keep prey population viable

Front 101

Reproduction Inversity Principle

Back 101

if efforts to remove are intensive, the number of viable embryos actually increases

Example: wolves

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conspicuousness

Back 102

attracting lots of attention
good- may demonstrate particular characteristics (e.g. high jumper) that cause predators to avoid them
bad- may attract undue attention due to a disadvantageous characteristic, attract predator

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buffer species

Back 103

second choice of prey that a predator moves on to when prey of predilection isn't as available

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generalist

Back 104

a predator with diverse taste in prey
many different options

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specialist

Back 105

a predator that focuses on specific prey
few options

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market hunting

Back 106

harvest (with a gun, bow, or trap) of wildlife in order to sell the animal or its parts (pelts, gall bladder, etc.) for money

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subsistence hunting

Back 107

hunting or otherwise harvesting of wildlife for personal use or sale
matter of life or death

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Dr. Albert Schweitzer

Back 108

anti-hunting activist.
"reverence for life"-don't kill unless absolutely necessary.

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Cleveland Amory

Back 109

president of the Fund for Animals
believed hunters don't pursue wounded game like they should
Buried with his cat.

Front 110

PETA

Back 110

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

Front 111

ALF

Back 111

Animal Liberation Front
violent, illegal terrorist group

Front 112

HSUS

Back 112

Humane Society

Front 113

proxy hunting

Back 113

"hunting" through our use of meat and other animal products obtained by other people's harvesting of animals

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secondary compounds

Back 114

plant chemicals used as defenses
called secondary because it's not their primary metabolic function
direct effect- toxic
indirect effect- alter efficiency

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hedging effect

Back 115

physical defense for plants
grow thickly with new growth on the inside of the plant

Front 116

Sludge-Bed hypothesis:

Back 116

Developed while looking to solve avian botulism (western duck sickness).
Theory: getting rid of sludge will get rid of disease, which will help ducks to live. FALSE. made it worse.

Front 117

Micro-environment Concept

Back 117

Developed while looking to solve avian botulism (western duck sickness).
Theory: wetland bugs infect dead caucuses in swamps, which hurts the hosts that eat them (ducks) via biological magnification. TRUE. Discovered swamps needed to be drained annually for better ecosystems-fixed botulism.

Front 118

Anthropomorphism

Back 118

Humanistic attitudes toward animals around you.

Example: people view cats as their legit kids.

Front 119

Degenerate Behavior

Back 119

Moralistic attitudes. People see hunting as an anti-social, unethical, and violent act that disrespects life.