Wild Life Quiz 2

Front 1

Back 1

American Badger

Hint 1

AB

Front 2

Back 2

American Pika

Hint 2

AP

Front 3

Back 3

Black-tailed jackrabbit

Hint 3

BT J

Front 4

Back 4

Bobcat

Hint 4

B

Front 5

Back 5

Coyote

Hint 5

C

Front 6

Back 6

Elk

Hint 6

E

Front 7

Back 7

Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrell

Hint 7

GM G S

Front 8

Back 8

Least Chipmunk

Hint 8

L C

Front 9

Back 9

Moose

Hint 9

M

Front 10

Back 10

Mountain Cottontail

Hint 10

M C

Front 11

Back 11

Mule Deer

Hint 11

M D

Front 12

Back 12

Red Fox

Hint 12

R F

Front 13

Back 13

Red Squirrel

Hint 13

R S

Front 14

Back 14

Rock Squirrel

Hint 14

R S

Front 15

Back 15

Short-tailed weasel

Hint 15

ST W

Front 16

Back 16

Uintah Ground Squirrel

Hint 16

U G S

Front 17

Back 17

Yellow-bellied marmot

Hint 17

Y B M

Front 18

Why do managers need to measure abundance vs. density? For what conservation purpose?

Back 18

Abundance – how many total individuals – Key for determining protection needs for a species, determining effects of events or human impact on a species, harvesting rates & hunting permits

Density – How many individuals per unit area (abundance per unit area) – Key for managing populations. Understanding trends in density is very important for considering habitat impacts by wildlife and impacts of habitat loss on wildlife.

to better understand an ecology and how it functions

Front 19

• total counts

Back 19

counting total numbers of individuals in a population

– seldom practical, but easily interpreted

- almost impossible

- usually inacurate

- expensive

Front 20

indices

Back 20

???

Front 21

estimates

Back 21

using sampling to infer population numbers, often the only practicable way to determine abundance

Front 22

Transects vs. quadrats

Back 22

Transects - following a pattern off of one main line and branching out to find population members

Quadrats - working in defined separate sections

Front 23

random vs. systematic

Back 23

Random - working randomly in sections and finding population memebers

Systematic - starting form a determined central point you work outwords

Front 24

Match life history of species to technique

Back 24

Designing your study

1. Divide the area of interest into sampling units

2. Decide to select sampling units randomly or systematically

3. Decide whether to sample using Transects or Quadrats

4. Decide whether to sample with or without replacement – do you allow same unit to be sampled more than once or not?

• Replacement means that with random sampling, if your dart hits the same location on the map, you’ll sample that same location twice.

• The effect of this technique depends on the mobility of the species (do they leave the area or not?)

• It tends to allow for double counting of a single individual

Front 25

Understand sources & relationships of bias & sampling error, accuracy and precision

Back 25

Bias error: derived from systematic distortion of counting technique or diminished counting ability by observer (bad counting)

– Usually produces an undercount, inaccuracy

Sampling error: lack of standardization of sampling technique, inadequate sampling size, inefficient sampling (bad study design)

Accuracy = how closely sampling approaches the “real” number

PRECISION = how much scatter in data sets, (a measure of sampling error & how well sampling methods are standardized)

Front 26

Understand how to estimate population abundance using Mark-Recapture (know the formula!)

Back 26

T1 = (N1xT2)/N2

• T1 = total population number

• T2 = total number captured second time

• N1 = total number captured first time and marked

• N2 = number of marked individuals that were recaptured

Front 27

Know how to fill out a life table, and what the equations & functions of a life table are.

Back 27

Survivorship = lx=fx/fx starting (a function of how many in that age group survive)

Mortality = dx=lx-l(x+1) (a function of survivorship from one year to the next)Mortality Rate = qx=dx/lx (a function of mortality in relation to survivorship)

Front 28

What are the direct vs. indirect methods for obtaining life table data? Under which circumstances would a biologist use each method?

Back 28

1. Monitor fates of every individual in a population (not practical, seldom used)

– Examples when this method is practical: rare, large animals with small populations

2. Mark-Recapture: generally more practical and used more often (and similar to estimating abundance)

– Capture & Mark large proportion of individuals in a population (can be ear-tagging, leg banding, ID’ing individual physical traits) – Return later and “recapture” a portion of those individuals to estimate the probability of survival after a given period of time

Front 29

Understand the difference between the maximum intrinsic rate of increase and the observed rate of increase

Back 29

Read slide show 7

Front 30

Define these terms: fecundity, mortality, age distributions, logistic growth, exponential growth

Back 30

Read slide show 7

Front 31

– Interspecific Competition

Back 31

Individuals of different species lower one another’s survival and fitness while seeking a common, usually limited, resource

Front 32

Predation

Back 32

Typical Predation - One species actively hunting, killing, and eating another species

– Herbivory is considered by biologists a special category of predaEon

• Ex. Seed predation, fruit predation: common terms in botany

– Cannibalism (intraspecific predation) – also considered a special category of predation –

Parasitism - A kind of predation where one species feeds on an individual of another species, but generally does not kill that individual quickly

• The parasitic individual is generally, but not always, confined to a single individual host

Front 33

facilitation

Back 33

Where one species is benefited by another species, and that other species is unaffected by the interaction. Often a larger host species improving or providing food, shelter, habitat, locomotion or support to a smaller commensal species

Front 34

mutualism

Back 34

Where both species’ survival and fitness is improved by the interspecific interaction. Symbiosis occurs where there is a close and prolonged relationship between the multiple species.

Front 35

niche-fundamental vs realized

Back 35

The FUNDAMENTAL NICHE consists of the full ranges of all limiting factors:

• upper elevations or temps

• soil types, precip.

• presence of appropriate and abundant forage/prey species, etcthat make up the physiologically possible occupied habitat of a species without taking exclusion by competitors or predators into account

– REALIZED NICHE: what we actually observe: • the presence of competing or predatory species reduces the fundamental niche to a narrower range of conditions than a species would otherwise utilize

Front 36

competitive exclusion

Back 36

the presence of one species excludes another from using the same habitat/resource.

– two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist

– As a consequence, competing species evolve distinct habitat use patterns in areas where they both coexist

Front 37

competitive release

Back 37

The expansion of the range of a species when a competitor for its niche is removed.

Front 38

resources partitioning

Back 38

When resources are limiting, species should contract their niche as a result of competition: partitioning of resources & habitat selection

Front 39

Know their implications for conservation

• Understand the scientific methods for determining their presence in natural systems

• Understand the evolutionary effects of predation on both prey and predator species

Back 39

read slide show 9