Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ethnocentrism
|
a western way of knowing which is different from all others, born in ancient Greece
the idea of a distinctively western civilization is from the 19th century. Western Civ is initially euro-centric, borderline racist, triumph over the east. |
|
|
Agnotology
|
Study of the history of ignorance and the unknown
|
|
|
Big history
|
History that stretches back to include and consider pre-historical time; Most history is written on events from last 5000 years; science rather than history, was traditionally thought of as domain for study of prehistory (the time before written documents)
|
|
|
Reification
|
making things more real than they really are, often with ulterior purpose
|
|
|
David Starr Jordan
|
first president of Stanford thought blacks and whites were different species
|
|
|
Drapetomania
|
"disease" that made slaves want to run away in the US South
|
|
|
Pica
|
"disease" promoted by lead paint manufacturers in order to explain away children who got ill as having an "unnatural" desire to chew on things
|
|
|
Aletheia
|
truth in Greek, means that which is not forgotten, demonstrates an awareness of vast forgetting of history
|
|
|
presentism
|
understanding the past only in terms of the present
|
|
|
teleology
|
understanding the story of evolution in a goal-driven, ends-based manner, directional
(future/present...predicting the past) |
|
|
orientalism
|
over-exoticization and othering of the non-Western (or pre-Western), making it unnecessarily strange or unfamiliar; privileging of Western culture and civilization
|
|
|
projection
|
over-familiarization of the past, making it unnecessarily recognizable or familiar
|
|
|
originism
|
understanding something only in terms of its origins; what we are what we once were (ie. are we essentially an agricultural/urban-based people, etc.?)
|
|
|
Finished Artifact Theory
|
What we interpret as tools may not have been the makers' intentions, but instead were the refuse from the making of other tools. The handaxe may have been what was left over from hammering a stone to get the razor-sharp chips.
|
|
|
Acheulean handaxe
|
one of the oldest stone tools dating back approximately 1.4 million years ago.
|
|
|
Acheulean Enigma
|
What purpose did the Acheulean handaxe serve? Why did the handaxe stay around for over a million years without changing?
|
|
|
Ideologies of Representation
|
How Are Hominids Imagined? How are nature and landscape imagined? How do we reconstruct the invisible? What purpose does it serve? What stories does it tell?
|
|
|
Ladder Theory of Human Progression
|
Evolution as viewed through the lens of progress, that is, the higher the rung of the ladder, the more advanced the species.
|
|
|
"Bush" Theory of Human Progression
|
More accurate view of evolution that represents the vast and multifarious species through time not arranged as a march of progress.
|
|
|
end-lop
|
when you strike at one end of the stone and a flake is removed from the other end due to decreasing mass along the stone, then a sharp increase at the other end
|
|
|
step fractures
|
when the blow goes in and cracks the stone leaving a step-like shape
|
|
|
isotropic stones
|
prefered for the stone because the stones have no preferred directionality and are fluid with no particular structure. Flat stones are also preferred, as the final shape of a handaxe is generally flat
|
|
|
Out of Africa Theory
|
That we all came from Africa 100,000 years ago
|
|
|
Upper Paleolithic Age
|
40,000 - 10,000 years ago; "Art", rituals, language, innovation, burial, tools of mobile life (Creative explosion)
|
|
|
Three possible reasons for temporal compression
|
1. History is speeding up, reducing the time between intervals of innovation
2. History is slowly disappearing from the record at equal rates in all time intervals (lose evidence) 3. We're more interested in more recent history; we study recent history more than we do "older" history |
|
|
Neolithic Age
|
12,000 - 6,000 years ago; Towns, agriculture, civilizations, polish (reusing tools), tools of stationary life, artifacts of subtle life
|
|
|
Megafauna (Arctodus Simus)
|
giant animals, ie mammoths. Mostly extinct due to humans.
|
|
|
Ghost of evolution
|
a trait that evolved which the reason for is now extinct. e.g. the cactus had evolved a skeleton to ward off the ungulates (now extinct), which fed off cacti.
|
|
|
Cochineal
|
beetles used for red dye; red was a very delicate color and could not be easily replicated.
|
|
|
Quipus (aka Khipu) of the Incas
|
# Very elaborate knotting systems, since there was no writing system, where position, color, and number of knots keep record of taxes, births, deaths, marriages, # of soldiers, # of widows, census and other functions
# Protoform of writing # Knots were delievered to the central capital Cuzco once a year # Each village had “talking knots" |
|
|
Blitzkrieg theory
|
hunters moved fast following the mammoths at a few miles per year across the Americas. Hunting spree, causing extinction of a lot of megafauna.
|
|
|
The Mayan Classic Period
|
200 A.D. – 900 A.D
# Consisted of city states (Bonampak, Chiapa) # Had calendars,pyramids and observatories, which were more accurate than anything in Europe at the time, yet the Spaniards didn't appreciate them. # Elaborate decorations # Elaborate games # Mayan hydraulic engineering: getting rid of excess water, due to rain forest environment. # Art & Architecture. |
|
|
Diego de Landa
|
A Spanish friar and a faithful representative of the Spanish conquistadors with a goal to demolish native culture; destroyed all but 3 Mayan literatures
|
|
|
Mayan blue
|
# Rare color found in Mayan paint that is strong and resistant to corrosion.
# In 1996 its composition was discovered. The key to the process being the use of ancient clay containing metals (referred to as "Mountain Leather) that is then mixed with Indigo dye (xiuquilit), creating a brilliant blue. |
|
|
Rubber Production
|
# Dates back 3400 years ago
# Ingredients include latex from the rubber tree and morning glory vine juice # The first Spanish priest was shocked at the sight of a bouncing ball |
|
|
Ceren
|
“Mayan Pompeii” (Located in El Salvador)
A volcano erupted and covered the town in 15 ft. of ash (example of how catastrophic events are good at preserving history, certainly better than time capsules) |
|
|
Dresden codex
|
Mayan books were arranged like accordions --> possibly easier to read more than a few pages at once
The Dresden codex had numerical representation for the positions of Venus --> the Synodic Period (actual number: 583.92) |
|
|
Kukulcan
|
(the Venus god). Kukulcan represented death and resurrection.
|
|
|
Biochemical warfare
|
Chemicals and poisons become weapons
|
|
|
Boomerang effect
|
biological weapons posed danger to users themselves - could turn on them easily because hard to control effects
|
|
|
Biological weapons
|
Viable living organisms that multiply in the body with detrimental effects (also whole animals/ insects etc.)
|
|
|
Chemical weapons
|
poison gases, combustible materials (ex: sulfur, nafta)
|
|
|
Scythians
|
expert arrowsmen of the Arabian Peninsula who dipped their arrows in a snake venom
|
|
|
Invention of Phoenician alphabet (800 B.C.)
|
Change from Egyptian heiroglyphics to phonetic spelling.
• Simplification of writing (connection between visual and aural.) |
|
|
polis
|
(city-state) such as Sparta, Athens, etc
|
|
|
Miletos (western part of Turkey)
|
origin of the pre-Socratics
|
|
|
Philosophia
|
“love of wisdom”
|
|
|
Dialectic method
|
(truth through debate)
Open inquiry To live as a human is to question |
|
|
Four Element Theory
|
idea that Earth, Water, Mist, Fire are the main elements that make up everything in the universe.
|
|
|
“Atom”
|
“cannot be cut” – indivisible
|
|
|
Eidos
|
“species” or “ideas” – key idea in essentialism
|
|
|
Anthropomorphism
|
giving human qualities to non-human things (i.e animals,plants,objects)
|
|
|
Gunpowder
|
transformed art of warfare
|
|
|
Magnetic compass
|
revolutionized navigation (allowed people to leave the shore)
Wave theory – how things resonate Cart – man always pointing south Knew that polar north not magnetic north: declination |
|
|
Printing
|
led to rise of literacy and modern science
|
|
|
Qi
|
life force or “energy”
|
|
|
Chinese Mathematics
|
math centered more around algebra than geometry
|
|
|
Chinese interpretation of the tails of comets
|
like brooms
|
|
|
Zheng He
|
Voyages to Africa, 1403-33
Remarkable voyages for the time: 300 ships(up to 400 feet long) - 28,000 men Largest voyage recorded pre-World War I evidence from madagascar, genetic evidence of a shipwreck and resulting interbreeding from Lamu island off Kenya Brought back giraffes, other exotic aminals for imperial menagerie |
|
|
Four Humors:
|
black bile- melancholy, autumn, earth
phlegm- phlegmatic, winter, water blood- sanguine, youthful, spring, air yellow bile- choleric, summer, fire The greeks believed that the four humors were the "basics" to human life |
|
|
Five Chinese Elements as related to cosmology
|
wood: east
water: north metal: west fire: south earth: center |
|
|
Silk
|
Its many uses included clothing, money, maps, armor, and ropes.
|
|
|
Gunpowder
|
Invented by the Chinese, led to cannon and rockets.
|
|
|
Acupuncture
|
Medidians of Ch’l (Qi) Energy
|
|
|
Islam
|
comes with different types of sects and ways to live life
* religion (those who practice it, etc.) |
|
|
Islamism
|
more political, fundamentalist movement as compared to Islam
* the politics, culture, state religion, etc. around Islam |
|
|
Principles of Islam
|
1. All beings are Muslim and submit to god. All things are Muslim, each submits in their own way.
2. All things that accept revelation and natural laws are Muslim 3. The faithful should devote themselves to knowledge and understanding. |
|
|
Golden age of Islamic Science
|
10th century AD to 14-15th century AD
|
|
|
Almagest
|
greatest book of astronomy until Galileo and Copernicus overthrew it
|
|
|
Principles of Islamic science
|
emphasis on abstraction
o it was considered sinful to portray the face of a prophet or the body of a woman. o focus on calligraphy and geography o calligraphy becomes extremely developed. o rug making § Tughra of Sultan Muhrad of Istanbul § 12th century Andalus script § “Arabic” numerals borrowed from Hindus |
|
|
Al Drisi's map
|
1154 AD, one of the first world maps.
|
|
|
Al Azhar University
|
Cairo 988 AD oldest university
|
|
|
Respect
|
people have done amazing things; there are many ways to see and live the world
|
|
|
Contingency
|
world as it is, is not the world that must have been
|
|
|
Contextuality
|
Science has social origins – reflects larger culture; society affects science and vice versa. The sciences we are learning about have led to greater sciences, and have contributed to science today or are science today.
|
|
|
Recovery
|
we can recover lost voices, through art and craft of history
|
|
|
Sympathy, wonder and critique
|
we don’t have to only to respect tradition, if it’s not broke break it! We should not abandon our curiosity, yet we don’t have to accept them as fact, we can be critical.
|
|
|
Boundary work
|
what counts as science, is inside or outside, is time and culture-dependent: science springs from non-science What can we count as science? What is inside and outside the realm of science?
|
|
|
Scholasticism
|
In Islamic knowledge
Obsession with classification – philosophy of the school: Aristotle's Scholium |
|
|
material culture of science
|
Equipments/intruments (laboratory glassware) important. Additionally, the processes of condensation, distillation, etc are still used today.
|
|
|
Hermes Trismagistus (=Thoth)
|
(thought to live in ancient Egypt, but no real record of such a person)
representation of the combination of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth. In Hellenistic Egypt, the Greeks recognised the congruence of their God Hermes with the Egyptian god Thoth. Subsequently the two gods were worshiped as one in what had been the Temple of Thoth in Khemnu, which the Greeks called Hermopolis. |
|
|
Tabula Rasa
|
empty canvas on which we write many things
|
|
|
“where there is shouting there is no science”
|
criticized the banter that occurred between philosophers and scholars, which in Leonardo's view produced no advancement of knowledge
|
|
|
Renaissance science
|
represented a return to basics - asking simple questions
|
|
|
Codex Leicester
|
compositon of many of Leonardo's scientific works
|
|
|
Ourobouros
|
An ancient symbol of snake swallowing its own tail and forming a circle
|
|
|
1543-Vaselius
|
extensive textbook on human anatomy
|
|
|
Zilsel’s “de-differentiation” theory
|
o Aristotelian scholars provided logic and mathematics, retrieved ancient texts, ideal of universal laws
o Literary Humanists provided letters -- employers of scientists, most scientists worked as counselors for the rich. Literary humanists believed that human power would change the world o Artist engineers provided ideal of step-wise technical improvement, progress, it's an indefinite, infinite process. Most of these innovators were illiterate. |
|
|
Francis Bacon’s Great Instauration (1620)
|
Bacon details a new system of logic he believes to be superior to the old ways of syllogism.
|
|
|
“pieces of 8”
|
(currency) had the Hercules pillars on them
|
|
|
Plus Ultra
|
“There is more beyond”
|
|
|
Mediterranean
|
Literally means center of the Earth, decentering of Europe took place in the Copernican Revolution
|
|
|
Albrecht Durer’s Melancholia
|
Durer's depiction of melancholy, one of four classical humors, representing genius and insanity.
|
|
|
Andreas Vesalius
|
Wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica, or “On the Fabric of the Human Body,” in 1514
1. included 200 woodcuts 1. with woodcuts came the rise of illustration 2. they allowed images to be easily duplicated 2. has complex iconography |
|
|
Copernicus (~1543)
|
# Was born in 1473 in Poland
# In his time, the universe was divided into the four terrestrial elements, plus the fifth, perfect element, quintessence. # Worked as an assistant to an astrologer (there was little distinction between astronomy and astrology at the time # Asked to help reform the calendar in 1514 1. resulted in his questioning of Ptolemaic view of the universe was the first astronomer to formulate a scientifically-based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. His De Revolutionibus was a Key part of scientific revolution Earth conceives by the Sun, and becomes pregnant with an annual rebirth |
|
|
Giordano Bruno
|
# One of the great early Copernicans
# One of the founders of science fiction suggested that maybe there are people on these other worlds and that Earth wasn't the only planet who had life burned at the stake for maintaining plurality of worlds |
|
|
Pre-Adamism
|
Belief that humans existed prior to Adam; sacriligous to Christianity
|
|
|
Quintessence
|
The fifth element/essence of celestial perfection (Copernicus)
|
|
|
Copernican Revolution
|
movement away from Ptolemaic geocentric view of universe to one that sets Sun at the center – many heretical religious connotations of such a proposition
|
|
|
Vesalian Revolution
|
stressing dissection to understand the human body, allows for anatomically accurate illustrations to accompany medical texts, and thus the practice of more elaborate/detailed science; unification of art and science
|
|
|
Galileo Galilei
|
was a Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism
|
|
|
The Copernican System
|
Crated a vestigial antique diagram that assumed that planets moved in perfect circles.
|
|
|
Three Scales of History
|
* Cosmic/Natural History - Billions of Years - Whole Arm's length
* Hominid Organic History - Millions of Years - Just white bit of fingernails * Human History Proper - Thousands of Years - 1/1000 of white bit of fingernails |
|
|
As-Salāmu `Alaykum
|
"peace be with you"
first words Columbus spoke to Indians |
|
|
Da Vinci's Arno Landscape
|
simplicity and intricacy; experience and objectification of the natural world
1. Knowledge sought was always connected to the natural world One of Da vinci's earliest paintings |
|
|
“I am a man without learning”
|
Da vinci never identified with others but stressed the value of experience as a counterpart
|
|
|
Al Geber
|
alchemy, gibberish (origin of the word inspired by his style of writing-- very convoluted)
|
|
|
Ibn Battuta
|
(1325 AD) traveled further than Marco Polo (73,000 miles)
|
|
|
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
|
Canon of Medicine
|
|
|
Animal Spirits
|
Some kind of subtle wind or fire in body is responsible for sensation
|
|
|
Anna Sofaer
|
Artist who discovered the sun spiral
|
|
|
Archeostronomy
|
branch of science that studies how ppl used sites like Stonehenge to mark the passage of the sun and possibly the moon. Joseph Campbell, famous mythologist, believes that the mythology and archaeoastronomy are interlinked. Mythology is included because of the Native Americans' beliefs concerning the sun.
|
|
|
Aristotle’s Four Causes
|
material (eg., wood)
• formal – “shape” (eg., the plan) • efficient or moving - “what made it” (eg., the carpenter) • final – “the goal” (eg., the house) |
|
|
Bacon believed these 3 inventions to be the greatest:
|
1. Gunpowder: transformed art of warfare
2. Magnetic compass: revolutionized navigation (allowed people to leave the shore) 3. Printing: led to rise of literacy and modern science |
|
|
Baconianism
|
founding all knowledge in the results of experiment and empirical knowledge. Used inductive reasoning.
|
|
|
Blombos Cave
|
(77,000 years ago): Is it just scratches on a rock, or does it have a purpose? Counting? Random? Art?
|
|
|
Cartesian Dualism
|
Separation of the world into two parts, a Machinery side: the physical and emotions. Then the human rational soul, which has the purpose of understanding the mechanical world.
|
|
|
Corpus Hermeticum
|
(100-300 AD) body of writing saying microcosm (human body) linked to macrocosm (celestial realm)
|
|
|
Craft Guilds
|
Where Women participated in science (German phenomenon)
|
|
|
curiosity cabinets
|
Establishment of libraries, collections by wealthy patrons who gathered curiosities from around the world
|
|
|
doctrine of sympathies
|
Things bear marks of potential use;
* Things visibly identifiable towards use, ie color, shape, etc to indicate the potential of its use, power of similitude (similiarity) * Ferns look like stitches; therefore, used to treat stab wounds—nature gives us hints towards uses of things * Cure for disease found next to source: Poison ivy growing next to aloe—our pain is center, our healing is center, cure and cause are wrapped together * Palm reading—we’ve been given marks to tell of our fate |
|
|
duplex veritas
|
an idea in the Medieval Christian world that truths of faith have to be separate from truths of science
|
|
|
Early Modern v. Modern Society
|
Early modern society (before 1790s):
* Monarchy * Estate society * Family fortunes – you were born into a class and couldn’t get out of it * Biblical authority * Variety of venues for science o Monasteries o Princely courts o Academics o Salons o Guilds Modern society: * Democracy * Merit based society * Individual merit * Scientific authority o Universities |
|
|
Edgar Zilsel
|
Sociologist of science, fled from Nazis, went to Mills College, committed suicide in 1944 after not being able to get a job.
* Published book on history of genius |
|
|
Johannes and Elisabetha Hevelius
|
husband/wife team of astronomers
|
|
|
Fajada Butte
|
Where the Anasazi practiced the precise marking of the sun and the moon. They marked the summer and winter solstices and also the equinox.
|
|
|
Hegel
|
(German philosopher)
- - claimed that Chinese were not capable of abstract thought - - stated that the Chinese language was made up only of “childish pictures” - - Chinese expressions for following had to be invented: mass, physics, freedom, democracy, law (natural law) - - He confused the lack of these terms as lack of scientific thought - Also did not consider the reverse that many Chinese words did not have English equivalents |
|
|
Hermeticism
|
magic often practiced in secrecy because you could be killed for practicing magic – lots of magic that we don’t know about now
|
|
|
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
|
was a list of publications prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church
(Bacon ,Descartes, Emmanuel Kant, Darwin’s grandfather, and Thomas Hobbs) |
|
|
Islamic Empire
|
661 to 750 AD
* The Umayyad Caliphate extended across Spain, all of Africa north of the Sahara, the Arabian Peninsula, and modern-day Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan. · more people interested in Islamic science nowadays · resurgence of interest in Islam: Islamic science used to be thought of as a thing of the past/useless. Now we try to use it to understand issues/problems in modern world. |
|
|
Kekule
|
(1865)
dreamed about snake swallowing own tail-->understanding of structure of benzene ring |
|
|
Key Factor Theories
|
What was the "key factor" that made our evolution into modern humans possible?
* enlarged brain * climate change * upright posture/freed-hands * fire/tool use/self-domestication/avoidance of predation * hunting, throwing and carrying * eating meat * delicate prehensile tasks * aquatic ape * grandmothering / third generation * climate chatter / catastrophe * linguistic mutation * running * deforestation / coming down from trees |
|
|
L’Homme
|
(The Man) c. 1632
# explaining functions of the human body by artificial mechanical systems # both were published posthumously, as Descartes feared that he would be subjected to conviction as Galileo was for his ideologies |
|
|
La Géométrie
|
Invented analytic geometry
* Newton later began his studies with this Descartes work o Considered a curve as a path to a moving point * Two other essays, one on optics, one on meteorology |
|
|
Lamp of Galileo
|
Discovered the law of the Pendulum at the Duomo Cathedral of Pisa
|
|
|
Le Monde
|
Descartes wrote this around 1633
presented a Copernican view of the world |
|
|
Les Meditations
|
Descartes:
* Theory of Knowledge: skepticism, rationalism, method of systematic doubt. * Theory of Selfhood: pure intellect, a thing that thinks. “I think therefore I exist” |
|
|
Maria Sibilla Merian
|
* Studied transformation / life cycles of moths and butterflies
* Science was very motivated by economics – she was looking for an insect that would make a thread as valuable as silk |
|
|
Maria Winklemann
|
* one of most famous female astronomers
* chose her husband because he was one of the leading astronomers in Germany. Worked as a team. Called as the first astronomers to the Berlin Academy of Science * After her husband died, the academy discussed for 2 yrs whether she could be the astronomer and decided not to – worried about their reputation. 1710. If she had gotten a public position, the position of women could have been much different * Trained her two daughters |
|
|
Mechanism
|
the world is a great machine
|
|
|
Modern Divisions of Labor
|
Reason feeling
Objective subjective Hard soft Profession home Public private Male female Public private Male female Science not science Mars? Venus? |
|
|
Galileo's contributions
|
lanets are other earths
Jupiter has four moons Saturn • Rings ("ears", "handles") surround Saturn • Moon has craters and crevices Sunspots The sun rotates • Milky way is made up of millions of stars Proves that the heavens is an extension of our world Stars obey universal laws |
|
|
Chinese “firsts”
|
- paper money: “flying money”
- - toilet paper: first mentioned in 1391 - - paper maps - - novels, pornography - - rockets and guns - - steel bridge design - - organic pest management, chemical and biological warfare agents |
|
|
Noble Networks
|
(French phenomenon)
Women were able to gain prominence through their connections |
|
|
Philoctetes
|
Greek myth: Hercules dipped his arrows in the blood of the slayed Hydra creating a powerful venom. Hercules accidentally killed many of his friends and eventually died by them second hand(his wife soaked his clothes in them). He passed the arrows to his friend Philoctetes who wounded his foot by dropping an arrow on it and used them in the Trojan war. He does not pass the arrows on after his death, instead dedicated to the God of Healing to end the cycle of use.
|
|
|
Pandora's Box
|
the idea of storing disease in a container
|
|
|
pigs of war
|
pigs used as biological warfare to scare elephants with their squeals
|
|
|
Pleistocene
|
Humans walked from Asia to the Americas across the Bering Strait from Russia to Alaksa in the Pleistocene era (Pleisto meaning "most", cene meaning "recent"), where the ice created a land mass large enough to walk across; also called the Bering Land Bridge. This was the period of the maximum expanse of land mass and the maximum expanse of glaciation.
|
|
|
scientific revolution
|
Around middle of 15th century starting with Da Vinci, Copernicus, Galileo, and so forth
old views were overthrown -- example, as the center of the universe key throughout/general theme: enquiring about processes and figuring out how to know * New methods (senses, reason, experience) o Replaced tradition, religion, ancient authorities, etc o Elevation of the power of the senses, the power of realization. The masculine verb of time. The idea is not just understanding bu the control and domination of nature: "The rape of nature". • New instruments (telescope, microscope -- extend power of the senses) As if we were robots/machines. methodological prosthetics that extend into other parts of the world. Projections out from our body like Robocop. |
|
|
second creation
|
Science is a second creation by means of reason just as painting is a second creation by means of imagination
|
|
|
the rise of uncommon sense
|
Proctor: "The rise of modern science is the rise of uncommon sense"
|
|
|
The Woman’s Question
|
* “We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal…” – inclusive to the species of man (encompassing women) or the sex?– The woman who asked if women were included in this got her head cut off!
* Attempt to define women in society spawned study of skeleton |
|
|
Some words stemming from the arabic language
|
alchemy
o al means "the" · algebra · alcohol · algorithm · alkali è means ashes · aniline è from word meaning indigo · amber è ancient Greek word for amber is electron o anbar from Arabic · antimony · aldehyde * apricot · average · benzene · bismuth · borax · cipher · gauze · gypsum · lacquer · lapis lazuli · marcasite · realgar (arsenic sulphide) · talc zenith · zero |
|
|
Tycho Brahe
|
believed that the center of the universe was not the sun
As an astronomer, Tycho worked to combine what he saw as the geometrical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system into his own model of the universe, the Tychonic system |
|
|
universal scholars
|
Scholars of Anicent Islam
(Sina, Khaldun, Buttata) |
|
|
witches milk
|
milk dripping from young boys due to excessive amounts of hormones passed on while during pregnancy in the womb
|
|
|
zero
|
invented by the mayans, many different forms; few of them because it means nothing
|
|
|
zoon politikon
|
Aristotle: "Man is a political animal"
|
|
|
Anaximander
|
Potentiality
o “Boundless” – infinite potentiality o Everything has within it the potential to become something else. o Four Element Theory – Idea that Earth, Water, Mist, Fire are the main elements that make up everything in the universe. |
|
|
Anaximenes
|
Air (mist)
o All things were derived from mist. o If you stretch out mist, it becomes fire, while compressing mist gives heavier elements. ( proof experiment for this theory was blowing lightly into your palm, he asserted that the heat felt was from air turning into fire and the opposite is formation of 'cold' |
|
|
Heraclitus
|
Fire (=change)
o You cannot step in the same river twice o “All things change” “Everything flows” o Everything unchanging is tension between two opposite forces o “Eyes are liars, ears are bad witnesses” – the key is the mind. o First to use the word “cosmos” |
|
|
Paramenides
|
Fixity
o Nothing changes – all change is illusion. o 'Blind eye and echoing ear' o Reason should be our guide. o He faces the “two paths” that intellectual has to face - Truth vs. Belief. |
|
|
Empedocles
|
Fire, Earth, Air, Water
o Four elements o Articulates it as an explicit cosmology, was dominant in the West until Galileo. |
|
|
Anaxogoras
|
Seeds
o Seeds are the basic element. o Digestion is sorting process, which sorts out food into different types of "seeds" that then become your body parts (hair, eyes, skin, etc.) |
|
|
Democritus
|
Atoms + Void
o He realized that there is absolute emptiness. o “Atom” = “cannot be cut” – indivisible o Notion of free will |
|
|
Pythagoras
|
Numbers
o One of the founders of “geometry” = “measuring the earth” o Likely learned geometry from studies in egypt. o Proved the Pythagorean theorem (after the Chinese) |
|
|
Thales (611-547 BC)
|
Water
o Considered to be the first philosopher o The first man to suggest that the earth is formed from a single fundamental substance o Gave a description of the universe that was not mythic in origin o Naturalistic theory o All things begin or derive from Water, not from God. o Born in Miletus (eastern coast of Turkey) o Business man who made his fortune through olives. |
