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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells
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Granulocytes
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leukocytes characterised by the presence of differently staining granules in their cytoplasm when viewed under light microscopy. These granules are membrane-bound enzymes which primarily act in the digestion of endocytosed particles.
There are three types of granulocytes: |
neutrophils
basophils eosinophils which are named according to their staining properties. |
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Agranulocytes
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leukocytes characterized by the apparent absence of granules in their cytoplasm. Although the name implies a lack of granules these cells do contain non-specific azurophilic granules, which are lysosomes. The cells include lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
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Neutrophil
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Neutrophils defend against _____ or ________ infection and other very small inflammatory processes that are usually first responders to microbial infection; their activity and death in large numbers forms pus.
They are commonly referred to as _________ , although technically PMN refers to all granulocytes. They have a multilobed nucleus which may appear like multiple nuclei, hence the name polymorphonuclear leukocyte. The cytoplasm may look transparent because of fine granules that are pale lilac. Neutrophils are very active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds. These cells are not able to renew their _______ used in digesting microbes and die after having phagocytosed a few pathogens.[citation needed] Most common cell seen in acute inflammation, comes in and kill foreign substance. They make up 60-70% of total leukocyte count.The life span of neutrophil is about __ days. |
bacterial
fungal polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes lysosomes 8 days |
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Eosiniphil
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Eosinophils primarily deal with _________ infections and an increase in them may indicate such. Eosinophils are also the predominant inflammatory cells in ____ _____ .
The most important causes of eosinophilia include allergies such as asthma, hay fever, and hives; and also parasitic infections. Generally their nucleus is bi-lobed. The cytoplasm is full of granules which assume a characteristic ____ ____ color with _____ stain. |
parasitic
allergic reactions pink-orange eosin |
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Basophil
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Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical _____ causing vasodilation/constriction?
The nucleus is bi- or tri-lobed, but it is hard to see because of the number of coarse granules which hide it. They are characterized by their large ____ granules. |
histamine
blue |
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Lymphocyte
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Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system.
Lymphocytes are distinguished by having a deeply staining nucleus which may be eccentric in location, and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm. The blood has three types of lymphocytes: |
B-cells,
T-cell, natural killer cells |
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B-Cells
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lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response
(as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). The principal functions of B cells are to make ______ perform the role of ____ and eventually develop into ____ after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the _____ immune system. |
antibodies against antigens
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Memory B cells adaptive |
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T-Cells
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belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells) by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors (TCR).
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CD4+ (helper T-cells)
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T helper cell (TH cells) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into ____ cells and B memory cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages, among other functions. These cells are also known as CD4+ T cells because they express the CD4 protein on their surface. Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by ____________ molecules that are expressed on the surface of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).
Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called __________ that regulate or assist in the active immune response. These cells can differentiate into one of several subtypes, including _____________________ 4ct = which secrete different cytokines to facilitate a different type of immune response. The mechanism by which T cells are directed into a particular subtype is poorly understood, though signalling patterns from the APC are thought to play an important role.[1] |
plasma
cytokines MHC class II TH1, TH2, TH3, TH17, TFH |
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Cytotoxic T-cell
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(TC cells, or CTLs) destroy ____ infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in _______ . These cells are also known as ___________. These cells recognize their targets by binding to antigen associated with MHC class I, which is present on the surface of nearly every cell of the body. Through ___ ____ 2ct =
and other molecules secreted by regulatory T cells, the CD8+ cells can be inactivated to an anergic state, which prevent autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.[2] |
virally
transplant rejection CD8+ T cells since they express the CD8 glycoprotein at their surface. -IL-10, -adenosine |
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Memory T-cell
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subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved.
They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with_____ against past infections. Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells). Memory cells may be either ____ & _____ typically express the cell surface protein __________. |
"memory"
CD4+ or CD8+. Memory T cells CD45RO. |
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Regulatory T-cell
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(Treg cells), formerly known as _________ T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus.
Two major classes of CD4+ regulatory T cells have been described, including the naturally occurring Treg cells and the adaptive Treg cells. Naturally occurring Treg cells (also known as ___ ___ ___ Treg cells = 3ct) arise in the thymus and have been linked to interactions between developing T cells with both myeloid (CD11c+) and plasmacytoid (CD123+) dendritic cells that have been activated with TSLP [3][4]. Whereas the adaptive Treg cells (also known as Tr1 cells or Th3 cells) may originate during a normal immune response. Naturally occurring Treg cells can be distinguished from other T cells by the presence of an intracellular molecule called FoxP3. Mutations of the FOXP3 gene can prevent regulatory T cell development, causing the fatal autoimmune disease IPEX. |
suppressor
CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ |
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Natural Killer T-cell
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(NKT cells) are a special kind of lymphocyte that bridges the =
Unlike conventional T cells that recognize peptide antigen presented by ________ NKT cells recognize ______ antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d. Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both Th and Tc cells (i.e., cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules). They are also able to recognize and eliminate some _______ & ________ = |
adaptive immune system with the innate immune system
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, glycolipid tumor cells and cells infected with herpes viruses. |
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γδ T cells
(gamma delta T cells) |
represent a small subset of T cells that possess a distinct T cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. A majority of T cells have a TCR composed of two glycoprotein chains called α- and β- TCR chains. However, in γδ T cells, the TCR is made up of one _______________.
This group of T cells is much less common (2% of total T cells) than the αβ T cells, but are found at their highest abundance in the _______, within a population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). The antigenic molecules that activate γδ T cells are still widely unknown. However, γδ T cells are not MHC restricted and seem to be able to recognize whole proteins rather than requiring peptides to be presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. Some murine γδ T cells recognize MHC class IB molecules though. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, which constitute the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood, are unique in that they specifically and rapidly respond to a set of non-peptidic phosphorylated isoprenoid precursors, collectively named phosphoantigens. Phosphoantigens are produced by virtually all living cells. The most common phosphoantigens from animal and human cells (including cancer cells) are isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Many microbes produce the highly active compound hydroxy-DMAPP (HMB-PP) and corresponding mononucleotide conjugates, in addition to IPP and DMAPP. Plant cells produce both types of phosphoantigens. Drugs activating human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells comprise synthetic phosphoantigens and aminobisphosphonates, which up-regulate endogenous IPP/DMAPP. |
γ-chain and one δ-chain
gut mucosa |
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Monocyte
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Monocytes share the "vacuum cleaner" (__________ ) function of neutrophils, but are much longer lived as they have an additional role: they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed, or so that an antibody response may be mounted.
Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream to become__________ which remove dead cell debris as well as attacking microorganisms. Neither of these can be dealt with effectively by the neutrophils. Unlike neutrophils, monocytes are able to replace their lysosomal contents and are thought to have a much longer active life. They have the _____ shaped nucleus and are typically agranulated. They also possess abundant cytoplasm. Once monocytes move from the bloodstream out into the body tissues, they undergo changes (differentiate) allowing phagocytosis and are then known as macrophages. |
phagocytosis
tissue macrophages kidney |
