Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the layers of the pericardium
|
The heart is enclosed and held in place by the pericardium.
The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous pericardium and an inner serous pericardium (epicardium |
|
|
Left atrium contains
|
Bicuspid valve: blood passes through into left ventricle
has two cusps to remember names of this valve, try the pneumonic LAMB Left Atrioventricular, Mitral, or Bicuspid valve |
|
|
What is the mediatinum
|
the area from the sternum to the vertebral column and between the lungs
|
|
|
what are the layers of the heart
|
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
|
|
|
epicardium consists of
|
mesothelium and connective tissue
|
|
|
What is the myocardium?
|
The bulk of the heart, the cardiac muscle layer
|
|
|
The endocardium consists of
|
endothelium connective tissue. It is the chamber lining and valves
|
|
|
What are sulci?
|
grooves on the surface of the the heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat
|
|
|
What does the coronary sulcus do?
|
encircles the heart and marks the boundary between the atria and the ventricles
|
|
|
What is the fossa ovals?
|
Remnant of the fetal foramen oval
|
|
|
The right atrium receives blood from what 3 sources
|
superior & inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus
|
|
|
The tricuspid valve does what
|
flows blood through the right ventricle
|
|
|
What does LAMB stand for
|
Left atrioventricular, Mitral, or Bicuspid Valve
|
|
|
What do the chord tendinae and papillary muscles do?
|
They anchor the bicuspid (left) and tricuspid (right) to papillary muscles
|
|
|
Aortic semilunar valve,
|
blood passes through valve into the ascending aorta
|
|
|
The right ventricle pumps to what?
|
Lungs
|
|
|
Oxygenated blood from lungs moves to the left atrium, the left ventricle pumps out...
|
aorta to the body
|
|
|
Why are the left ventricle walls thicker?
|
They pump blood through the body where the resistance to blood flow is greater
|
|
|
atria walls are thin because they pump blood to the
|
ventricles
|
|
|
The right ventricle walls are thinner then the left because they pump blood into the ...
|
lungs, which are nearby with very little resistance to blood flow
|
|
|
What is fibrillation?
|
twitching of heart.....use a defibulator
|
|
|
What is arrhythmia?
|
irregularity in heart rhythm resulting from a defect in the conduction system of the heart.
|
|
|
bradycardia vs tachycardia?
|
brady slow, tachy fast
|
|
|
Congestive heart failure?
|
chronic or acute state that results when the heart is not capable of supplying the oxygen demands of the body
|
|
|
congenital defect?
|
defect that exists at birth or before, ...septal defects valvular stenosis and tetralogy of fallout
|
|
|
what is a stent?
|
a scaffolding or mesh to keep the vessel open
|
|
|
Angioplasty
|
when you balloon open a vessel
|
|
|
Coronary artery disease CAD or coronary heard disease CHD
|
condition in which the heart muscle receives an inadequate amount of blood due to obstruction of its blood supply. Leading cause of death in US. athlersclerosis, coronary artery spasm, or clot in a coronary artery.
|
|
|
What are risk factors for developing cad?
|
high blood cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes, type A personality, couch potato
|
|
|
Myocardial Infarction?
|
death of area of heart muscle from lack of oxygen. replaced with scar tissue, blood clot
|
|
|
Angina pectoris?
|
heart pain from ischemia (lack of blood supply) of cardiac muscle
|
|
|
Stem cells?
|
stem cells in the blood can migrate to the heart and differentiate
into myocardial cells |
|
|
The heart develops from what before the end of the the third week of gestation?
|
mesoderm
|
|
|
Atherosclerosis?
|
process in which smooth muscle cells proliferate and fatty substances especially cholesterol and triglycerides accumulate in the walls of medium sized large arteries in response to stimuli, such as endothelial damage
|
|
|
Heart rate is affected by hormones?
|
epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones
|
|
|
Risk factors that contribute to heart disease
|
high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, obesity and lack of exercise, diabetes, males, genetics
|
|
|
Low density lipoproteins
|
bad, keep low
|
|
|
High density lipoproteins
|
good keep high
|
|
|
total cholesteral
ldl hdl |
tc under 200
ldl under130 hdl over 40 |
|
|
sympathetic impulses...
|
speed up east and force contraction.....fight or flight
|
|
|
Proprioreceptors monitor
|
movement
|
|
|
chemoreceptors monitor
|
blood chemistry
|
|
|
baroreceptors monitor
|
blood pressure
|
|
|
Nervous control of the cardio vascular stem stems from the cardiovascular center in the
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
|
Frank starling law of heart..
preload (stretch) |
a greater prload on cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract increase their force of a contraction during systole. keeps same blood volume to systemic and pulmonary circulations
|
|
|
Afterload?
|
the pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open
|
|
|
In congestive heart failure blood begins to remain in the ventricles increasing the preload and causing an over stretching of the heart and less
|
forceful contraction
|
|
|
Left ventricular failure (to aorta) results in
|
pulmonary edema
|
|
|
Right ventricular failure results in
|
peripheral edema
|
|
|
cardia output
|
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle or right each minute. co=stroke volume x hr
|
|
|
What is a heart murmur?
|
an abnormal sound that consists of a flow noise that is heard before between or after lubb dupp...abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow, most indicate a valve disorder
|
|
|
The sound of the heart beat comes from
|
the turbulence in the blood flow caused by the closure of the valves
|
|
|
The lubb is the closing of the
|
Atrioventricular valve soon after ventricular systole begins
|
|
|
the dupp represents the
|
closing of the semilunar valve..end ventricular systole
|
|
|
Normal blood pressure in aorta is
|
120
|
|
|
Blood pressure in pulmonary trunk is
|
30
|
|
|
Isovolumetric relaxation
|
brief time all four valves are closed
|
|
|
When pressure in ventricles continue to fall the av valves open and
|
ventricular filling begins
|
|
|
EDV or end diastolic volume
|
the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
|
|
|
isovolumetric contraction
|
av valves close before semi lunar valves open
|
|
|
Systole
|
contraction
|
|
|
diastole
|
relaxation
|
|
|
EDV
|
volume in ventricles at end of diastole about 130
|
|
|
End systolic volume esv
|
volume in ventricle at end of systole about 60
|
|
|
stroke volume sv
|
Volume ejected per beat from each ventricle about 70
edv-esv=sv |
|
|
Cardiac muscle relies on aerobic cellular respiration for
|
ATP production
|
|
|
The presence of what in the blood indicates injury of cardiac muscle usually caused by a myocardial infarction?
|
Creatine Kinase CK
|
|
|
ECG or EKG
electocardiogram |
records electrical changes that accompany each cardiac cycle (heart beat), SHOws is heart is enlarged, damaged or conduction pathway is abnormal
|
|
|
Repolarization of the ventricles produce
|
T Waves
|
|
|
Three waves of ECG
|
P wave (atrial dep)
ARS (ventricular dep>) T wave (vent. rep) |
|
|
SA node is called the what
|
Pacemaker of the heart
|
|
|
when ventricles contract atria..
|
relax
|
|
|
action potential and contraction of contractile fibers
|
depolarization, plateau, and replarization
|
|
|
The refractory period is very long so heart can fill with blood, the refractory period is longer than the contraction itself therefore....
|
tetanus can not occur in myocardial cells
|
|
|
SANode
|
cluster of cells in the wall of rt atria, begins heart activity that spreads to both atria, excitation spreads to av node
|
|
|
components of conduction system
|
sa node, av node, bundle of his, right and left bundle branches, and conduction of purkinje fibers
|
|
|
cardiac muscle
|
branching intercalated discs with gap jnxs involuntary striated single central nucleus per cell
|
|
|
coronary veins
|
collect waste from cardiac muscle, drains into coronary sinus, coronary sinus empties into right atrium
|
|
|
coronary arteries
|
branches off aorta above aortic semilunar valve
|
|
|
anastomoses
|
connections between arteries supplying blood to the same region provide alternate routes if one artery becomes occluded
|
|
|
coronary circulation is blood supply to the heart
|
delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients to remove carbon dioxide and wastes from myocardium
|
|
|
pulmonary circulation
|
right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
|
|
|
Systemic circulation
|
left side pumps blood through body oxygenated
|
|
|
stenosis
|
narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow
|
|
|
semilunar valves close with ventricular relaxation to prevent blood from
|
returning to the ventricles
|
|
|
Angiogenesis
|
growth of new blood vessels, can be a problem for tumor growth TAFS
|
|
|
hemodynamics
|
forces involve in circulating blood
|
|
|
Veins convey blood from
|
the tissues back to heart
|
|
|
Arteries carry blood from the
|
heart to the tissues
|
|
|
arterioles are small arteries that connect to
|
capillaries
|
|
|
Three layers of arteries
|
tunica interna (simple suamous epithelium)
tunica media tunica externa |
|
|
arteries carry blood away from heart to
|
the tissues
|
|
|
functional properties of arteries
|
elasticity-pressure
contractility-injury |
|
|
injury to an artery cause muscle
|
contraction reducing blood loss
|
|
|
vasoconstriction
|
decrease in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel
|
|
|
capillary walls are composed of a single layer of cells
|
endothelium and a basement membrane. they exchange nutrients and waste
|
|
|
Continuous capillaries
|
skeletal smooth ct and lungs
|
|
|
fenestrated capillaries
|
holes in plasma membranes, kidneys sm. intestine, choroid plexus, endocrine glands
|
|
|
sinusoids capillaries
|
large fenestrations, liver bone marrow spleen ant. pituitary, and parathyroid
|
|
|
venules
|
small veins collecting blood from capillaries
|
|
|
Veins consist of sam tunics as arteries but thinner and
|
less elastic tissue and smooth muscle, thinner walled, contain valves to prevent back flow of blood
|
|
|
varicose veins
|
twisted dilated superficial veins, caused by leaky venous valves, pregnancy, esophagus, limbs, and hemorrhoids
|
|
|
anastomoses
|
union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region, blockage of one pathway, no effect, circle willis, coronary circulation of heart, can occur in veins as well
|
|
|
end arteries
|
no anastomoses, can cause occlusion, and necrosis of of a segment or organ
|
|
|
60% of blood volume at rest is in systemic
|
veins and venules, function as a reservoir, only 15% in arteries
|
|
|
diffusion is most important method of
|
movement of materials in and out of a capillary
|
|
|
Transcytosis capillary exchange
|
passage of material across endothelium in tiny vesicles by endo or exocytosis
|
|
|
bulk flow capillary exchange
|
movement large amount of dissolved or suspended material in same direction, move in response to pressure
|
|
|
edema
|
abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceeds reabsorption, noticed at 30% above normal
|
|
|
hemodynamics are factors that affect circulation
|
velocity of blood flow, volume of blood flow, blood pressure
|
|
|
Blood pressure
|
pressure exerted by blood on walls of a vessel, contraction of ventricles, highest in aorta 120/80 normal
|
|
|
water retention increases?
|
blood pressure
|
|
|
Venous return
|
volume of blood flowing back to the heart form the systemic veins
|
|
|
Cardiac sinus reflex maintains normal blood pressure in the
|
brain..initiated by baroreceptors and the carotid sinus
|
|
|
Aortic reflex
|
concerned with general systemic blood pressure and is initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the arch of the aorta
|
|
|
massaging your neck over what will lover heart rate
|
carotid sinus
|
|
|
syncope
|
fainting, not due to trama
|
|
|
vasodepressor syncope
|
sudden emotional stress
|
|
|
pulse pressure is the difference between
|
systolic and diastolic 40 usually
|
|
|
hypovolemic shock
|
loss of blood or fluids, diarrhea
|
|
|
vascular shock
|
vasodilation, anaphylactic shock, sepitc, or head trauma
|
|
|
obstructive shock
|
blockage of circulation embolism
|
|
|
what is the largest circulatory route?
|
systemic circulation
|
|
|
systemic circulation
|
left side heart and body back to heart
|
|
|
Pulmonary circulation
|
right side heart lungs and back to heart
|
|
|
carotid arteries supply
|
eyeballs and brain
|
|
|
celiac trunk supplies
|
liver stomach spleen pancreas
|
|
|
superior and inferior mesenteric
|
intestines
|
|
|
major systemic veins
|
superior & inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
|
|
|
head and neck veins
|
internal and external jugular, drain into superior vena cava
|
|
|
venipuncture
|
sample blood , cubital fossa-arm, hand or saphenous on infants
|
|
|
a portal system caries blood between
|
two capillary networks
|
|
|
pulmonary circulation
|
takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium
|
|
|
fetal circulation
|
oxygen from placenta reaches heart via fetal veins in the umbilical
|
|
|
problems with aging in the cardiovascular system
|
aorta less elastic, heart gets smaller, lower heart rate, increase systolic pressure
|
|
|
hypertension
|
high blood pressure systolic above 140, diastolic 90
|
|
|
what treats hypertension
|
diuretics, beta blockers, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers
|
