When Heads Were Headlines

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Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Spurzheim created

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phrenology

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phrenology is the idea that

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the brain controlls behavior

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by judging the skull you could figure out

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the brains shape and size, and this led to discovering a persons talents, inner character, and intelligence.

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the greek philosopher aristotle believed the back of the human skull . .

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was empty and that the brain was only located in the front part

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according to aristotle the brains main function was to

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function as a cooling system for the heat made by the heart

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according to aristotle the chief organ in the body was

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the heart, and it was the center of thought

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plato divided the human mind into . .

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three parts, centering some functions in the brain but most in the spinal cord.

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egyptians and hebrews thought

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thinking and emotions took place in the heart while decision making in the kidneys

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aristotle believed we could learn about a peoples inner character by . .

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examining the shape of their body, head, and appearance of their face.

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aristotles theory was known as..

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physiognomy, which meant that people looked like particular animals and posessed traits of those animals

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modern science accepts the idea that

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the brain and the mind work as one

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psychology as legitimized that

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a relationship does exist between a persons personality and their body build

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Gall and Spurzheim believed that an examination of the external surface of the skull . .

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could provide an accurate picture of the brain

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Gall and Spurzheim beleived it was possible to understnad the minds powers by

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studying the brain

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by studying the brain, gall and spurzheim believed

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we would have access to innermost secrets of human nature

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to gall and spurzheim the mind was composed of . .

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as many as 35 inborn mental faculties, and each was located as its own cerebral organ

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according to gall and spurzheim, some faculties

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are stronger or weaker than faculties on another person

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the size and shape of the brain

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was closely related to the size and the shape of the skull

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gall believed that though we are born with our own stronger faculties, over time _____ could change them.

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education

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through education we could improve our education

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by increasing the activity of our 'good' faculties and diminishing the activity of the 'bad'

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each faculty was assigned

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a specific location within the brain and on the external surface of the skull where a trained phrenologist could read it

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phrenology made its transatlantic journey in

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the early 1800s

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1822 a could of Philadelphia physicians formed

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Americas first Phrenological Society

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interest in phrenology decreased until 1832 when

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Spurzheim arrived in Boston

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through public lectures, spurzheim was

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able to get the city excited for the new science

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his missionary zeal however led him . .

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to disregard his health and in early November he quite suddenly died

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orson fowler discovered that

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people would line up and pay to have their innermost secrets of character read

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fowler began his phrenologist career when

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he printed out 1000s of copies of a phrenological chart, defining the mental faculties

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Orson Fowler immediately had who join?

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his brother Lorenzo

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Orson and Lorenzo, billing themselves as "practical phrenologists" turned phrenology from what to what

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from "pure" science into "applied"

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where did the fowler brothers teach their new science?

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from providence, ri to hannibal, mi

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in 1838 orson fowler

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opened an office in phillidelhpia where walk in clients have their characters read

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fowler founded the american phrenological journal and miscellany and then

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moved to new york city to join Samuel Wells

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1866 the american institute of phrenology was created and by 1882 ____ students graduated with a degree.

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240

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Creative and Sexual Science was written by

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Orson in 1870 and it held shocking views of sexuality. ie Freud

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phrenology continued in new york city until

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the death of lorenzos daughter.

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phrenology was replaced by

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psychoanalysis and behaviorism