Wheelock Grammar Chs 29&30

Front 1

General rule for formation of imperfect subjunctive

Back 1

present active infinitive + the present system personal endings, active and passive, with the long e (modulo shortening before final -m, -r, -t, and final and medial -nt/-nt-)

Front 2

active imperfect subjunctive: laudo

Back 2

ladarem, laudares, laudaret; laudaremus, laudaretis, laudarent

Front 3

passive imperfect subjunctive: laudo

Back 3

laudarer, laudareris, laudaretur; laudaremur, laudaremini, laudarentur

Front 4

present subjunctive: sum

Back 4

sim, sis, sit; simus, sitis, sint

Front 5

imperfect subjunctive: sum

Back 5

essem, esses, esset; essemus, essetis, essent [note this follows the general rule]

Front 6

present subjunctive: possum

Back 6

possim, possis, possit; possimus, possitis, possint

Front 7

imperfect subjunctive: possum

Back 7

possem, posses, posset; possemus, possetis, possent [note: it is easy to confuse present and imperf subj of possum]

Front 8

A result clause is a subordinate clause that shows the result of the action in the main clause; it answers the question ...

Back 8

..."what was the outcome". (Note a purpose clause answers: "why was it done?")

Front 9

Two signs of a result clause:

Back 9

(i) the main clause usually contains an adverb (ita, tam, sic) or adj (tantus); (ii) if the clause describes a negative result it will contain some negative word such as non, nihil, nemo, numquam, or nullus (unlike a neg. purpose clause signaled by ne).

Front 10

trans: Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret.

Back 10

He did such great things that he saved the city. (result)

Hint 10

result clause, note: (i) the main clause usually contains an adverb (ita, tam, sic) or adj (tantus).

Front 11

trans: Tam strenue laborat ut multa perficiat.

Back 11

He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things. (result)

Hint 11

result clause, note: (i) the main clause usually contains an adverb (ita, tam, sic) or adj (tantus).

Front 12

formation rule: perfect subjunctive active

Back 12

perf stem + eri + personal endings (note long "i" except before -m, -t, and -nt)

Front 13

perf. subj. active: laudo

Back 13

laudaverim, laudaveris, laudaverit, laudaverimus, laudaveritis, laudaverint (note identical to fut. perf. indicative except for the first pers sing (laudavero). (and long i in some cases).)

Front 14

formation rule: pluperf subj. active

Back 14

perf stem + isse + personal endings (note long e except before m, etc.)

Front 15

pluperf subj. active: laudo

Back 15

laudavissem, laudavisses, laudavisset, laudavissemus, laudavissetis, laudavissent (note these forms resemble the perfect active infinitive, e.g. laudavisse plus personal endings).

Front 16

formation rule: perfect subjunctive passive

Back 16

sim + past participle (e.g. laudatus, -a, -um sim, laudatus sis, ... simus, sitis, sint)

Front 17

formation rule: pluperf subjunctive passive

Back 17

essem + past participle (e.g. laudatus, -a, -um essem, ... esses, esset, laudati, -ae, -a essemus, ...essetis, essent)

Front 18

An indirect question is a subordinate clause which reports some question indirectly. Three distinguishing features...

Back 18

(i) the main clause is ordinarily a verb of speech, mental activity or sense perception, (ii) it is introduced by an interrogative word such as quis/quid, qui/quae/quod, (iii) it uses a *subjunctive* in the subordinate clause (unlike an indirect statement which uses acc subject and infinitive)

Front 19

trans: Quid Gaius facit? Rogant quid Gaius faciat.

Back 19

What is Gaius doing? They ask what is Gaius doing.

Front 20

trans: Quid Gaius fecit? Rogant quid Gaius fecerit.

Back 20

What did Gaius do? They ask what Gaius did.

Hint 20

formation rule: perfect subjunctive active - perf stem + eri + personal endings

Front 21

trans: Quid Gaius faciet? Rogant quid Gaius facturus sit.

Back 21

What will Gaius do? They ask what Gaius will do. (note: this last example is a form of the "future active periphrastic" used in the absence of an actual future subjunctive)

Front 22

Rule for the sequence of tenses:

Back 22

a "primary" tense of the indicative must be followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive; and an "historical" (or secondary) indicative tense must be followed by an historical subjunctive tense

Front 23

primary tenses: (i) main clause (ii) subordinate clause

Back 23

(i) pres or future indicative; (ii) future periphrastic with sum (action after, e.g. futurus sim); present subj. (action at the same time or after) or perfect subj. (action before)

Front 24

historical (secondary) tenses: (i) main clause (ii) subordinate clause

Back 24

(i) past tenses, (ii) future periphrastic with essem (action after), imperfect subj. (action at same time or after) or pluperfect subj. (action before)

Front 25

trans: Id facit (faciet) ut me iuvet.

Back 25

He does (will do) it to help me. [primary sequence: pres (fut.) indicative - present subjunctive.]

Front 26

trans: Id fecit (faciebat) ut me iuvaret.

Back 26

He did (kept doing) it to help me. [secondary sequence: perf ind (imp ind) -- imp. subj.]

Front 27

trans: Tam durus est ut eum vitem.

Back 27

He is so harsh that I avoid him. [primary sequence: pres ind - pres subj.]

Front 28

trans: Tam durus fuit (erat) ut eum vitarem.

Back 28

He was so harsh that I avoided him. [secondary sequence: past per (past imperf) indicative -- imp subj.]