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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cognitive-development perspective?
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Answer: The theory that dreams are a reflection of brain maturation and cognitive development
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What is the activation-synthesis theory?
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Answer: The theory that dreams are born when random neural activity spread upward from the brainstem
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What is physiological function?
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Answer: That dreams help give the brain a work out that helps it develop
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What is information-processing?
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Answer: The theory that dreams might help sift, sort, and fix days events in our memory.
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What is latent content?
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Answer: According to freud, the underlying meaning of a dream.
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What is manifest content?
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Answer: according to freud , the remembered story line of a dream.
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What are dreams?
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Answer: A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.
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What is sleep apnea?
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Answer: a sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeatedly stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low it awakens the person just long enough to draw a breath.
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What is narcolepsy?
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recurring problems in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep.
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What is insomnia?
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Answer: recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
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What is a sleep disorder?
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Answer: When a person sleeping pattern is not normal. It usually evolves them constantly waking up at night, unable to fall asleep, or having sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, or sleep walking.
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What are the effects of sleep loss?
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Answer: It suppresses immune cells that fight off viral infections and cancer, it contributes to obesity, high blood pressure and memory impairment.
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Why do we sleep?
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Answer: sleep protects, sleep helps us recover, sleep helps us remember, and sleep may play a role in the growth process
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What is circadian rhythm?
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Answer: the biological clock;regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle)
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What is sleep?
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Answer: periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation.
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What are alpha waves?
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Answer: relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state.
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What is REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep)?
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Answer: recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches), but other body systems are active.
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What are sleep stages?
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Answer: About every 90min we cycle through 5 sleep stages.
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What is a circadian rhythm?
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Answer: the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.
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What is a biological rhythm?
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Answer: Our 24 hour clock, and our 90 min sleep cycle
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What is inattentional blindness?
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Answer: failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
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What is selective attention?
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Answer: focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
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What is consciousness?
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Answer: our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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What is congnitive neuroscience?
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Answer: subfield of psychology that studies the connections between or brain activity and the processes of thinking, knowing remembering and communicating.
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What are the differences between the right and left sides of your brain?
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Answer: the left side of our brain controls reading writing, speach, arithmetic and understand others. When a person does a perceptual task for example brain waves blood flow and glucose consumption, that shows up in the right hemisphere..
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What does corpus callosum mean?
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Answer: large brand of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
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What does a split brain mean?
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Answer: Condition in which the brain's two hemispheres are isolated by cutting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.
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What does plasticity mean?
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Answer: the brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
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What is a angular gyrus?
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Answer: transforms visual presentations into an auditory code.
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What is the wernicke's area?
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Answer: a brain area usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression; controls language reception.
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What is the broca's area?
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Answer: an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech; controls language expression.
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What does association areas mean?
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Answer: Areas of the cerebral cortex that are primarily involved in higher mental functions such as learning. Remembering thinking and speaking.
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What are hallucinations?
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Answer: false sensory experiences such as hearing something in the absence of an external auditory stimulus.
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what is the auditory cortex?
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Answer: in your temporal lobes, above your ears, it receives information from your eyes.
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What is the visual cortex?
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Answer: at the rear of your brain it receives input from your eyes
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What is the sensory cortex?
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Answer: area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
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What is a motor cortex?
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Answer: area at the rear of the frontal lobe; controls voluntary movements.
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What are motor functions?
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Answer: the motor cortex controls motor function when stimulated the body moves.
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What are functions of the cortex?
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Answer: motor cortex, sensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex.
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What are temporal lobes?
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Answer: portion of the cerebral cortez lying roughly above the ears; includes areas that receive information from the ears.
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What are the occipital lobes?
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Answer: portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.
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What is the hypothalamus?
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Answer: a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
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What are parietal lobes?
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Answer: portion of the cerebral cortez lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
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What are the frontal lobes?
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Answer: portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
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What is the pituitary?
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Answer: the master endocrine gland.
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What is the corpus callosum?
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Answer: axon fibers connecting two cerebral hemispheres
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what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
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Where are they located? Answer: frontal lobes(front of your head), parietal lobes(top/back of your head), occipital lobes (lower back of head), temporal lobes(the side of your head above your ears).
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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Answer: thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center.
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What is the hippocampus?
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Answer: the hippocampus processes conscious memories.
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What is the amygdala?
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Answer: two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
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What is the limbic system?
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Answer: neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.
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What is the cerebellum?
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Answer: the little brain at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.
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What is reticular formation?
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Answer: a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
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What is the thalamus?
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Answer: area at the top of the brainstem;directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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What is a fMRI (functional MRI)?
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Answer: A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. FMRI scans show brain function.
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What is a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)?
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Answer: a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
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What is a positron emission tomography scan (PET)?
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Answer: a view of brain activity showing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
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What is a electroencephalograph(EEG)?
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Answer: recording apparatus, using electrodes placed on the scalp, that records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface.
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What is medulla?
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Answer: The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
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What is the brain stem?
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Answer: the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.
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What is a brain structure?
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Answer: Brain structures determine our abilities. The more complex the structure of the brain, the more the mammal can do.
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What is an ovary?
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Answer: secretes female sex hormones
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What is the pancreas?
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Answer: regulates the level of sugar in the blood.
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What is the parathyroids?
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Answer: Help regulate the level of calcium in the blood
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What is the pituitary gland?
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Answer: secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands.
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What is the testis?
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Answer: Secretes male sex hormones
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What is the adrenal glands?
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Answer: inner part helps trigger the fight or flight response.
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What is the thyroid gland?
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affects metabolism, among other things
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What is the hypothalamus?
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brain region controlling the pituitary gland.
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what are hormones?
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Answer: chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
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What is the endocrine system?
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Answer: the body's slow chemical communication system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
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What are the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Answer: the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
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What is the sympathetic nervous system?
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Answer: the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
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What is a autonomic nervous system?
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Answer: the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs(such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses;its parasympathetic division calms.
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What is a somatic nervous system?
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Answer: the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.
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What are interneurons?
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Answer: neurons that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
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What are motor neurons?
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Answer: neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
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What are sensory neurons?
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Answer: Neurons that carry messages from the bodies tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord for processing.
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What are nerves?
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Answer: Nerves are electrical cables formed by bundles of axons that link our CNS with our body's sensory receptors.
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What is a peripheral nervous system(PNS)?
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PNS is responsible for gathering information, and for sending CNS decisions to other parts of our body.
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What is a central nervous system?
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Answer: The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. It is where all the decisions are made.
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What are the major divisions of our nervous system, and what are the basic functions?
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Answer: the central nervous system, is the bodies decision maker. The peripheral nervous system is responsible for gathering information and transmitting decisions to other body parts. Nerves connect our central nervous system with our body's sensory receptors.
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What is our nervous system?
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Answer: the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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What is a glutamate?
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Answer: A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory.
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What is a GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)?
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Answer: A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
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What is a norepinephrine?
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Answer: Helps control alertness and arousal
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What is a serotonin?
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Answer: affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
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What is a dopamine?
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Answer: Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.
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What is a acetylcholine?
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Answer: enables muscle action, learning, and memory.
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What are endorphins?
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Answer: “Morphine within” natural, opiate like neurotransmitter linked to pain control and to pleasure.
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What is a neurotransmitter pathway?
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Answer: Each of the brain's differing chemical messengers has designated pathways where it operates.
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What is a opiate?
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Answer: Chemicals, such as opium, morphine, and heroin, that depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
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How do neurotransmitters affect our mood and behaviour?
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Answer: neuron transmitters carry messages that effect our behaviour and emotions
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How do neurotransmitters influence us?
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Answer: They effect our moods/emotions/behaviour, by the messages that they send to receiving neurons, that in effect allows electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and excite or inhibit a new action potential.
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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Answer: neuron produced chemicals that cross synapses to carry messages to other neurons or cells.
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What is a all or none response?
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Answer: A neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.
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What is a threshold?
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Answer: the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
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How do neurons communicate?
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Answer: By sending signals to each other through their axon to the receiving cell.
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What is a synapses?
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Answer: the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
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What is a action potentials?
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Answer: Messages that neurons carry are nerve impulses called action potentials.
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What is a anxon?
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Answer: neuron extensions that pass messages to other neurons or cells. Anxon Speak (send messages)
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What is a dendrite?
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Answer: neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. Dendrites listen (receive messages from other cells)
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How do neurons transfer information?
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Answer: Neurons take in information through the dendrite, and then send information through an anxon
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What is a neuron?
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Answer: A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. They consist of a cell body with branching fibers.
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what does a biological psychologist do?
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Answer: They study the links between our biology and our behaviour.
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