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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are ADDITIVE EFFECTS?
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Effects from alleles of multiple genes that all contribute to the ultimate phenotype for a given characteristic
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What is an ALLELE?
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Alternative version of a gene
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What is a CARRIER?
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An individual who carries one allele for a recessive trait and who does not exhibit the trait; if two carriers mate they may produce offspring who do exhibit the trait
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What is a CROSS?
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The breeding of organisms that differ in one or more traits
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What is CODOMINANCE?
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The case in which the heterozygote displays characteristics of both alleles
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What is DOMINANT?
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Describes an allele that masks the phenotypic effect of the other, recessive, allele for a trait; the phenotype shows the effect of the dominant allele in both homozygous and heterozygote genotypes
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What is a GENOTYPE?
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The genes that an organism carries for a particular trait; also, collectively, an organism's genetic composition
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What is HEREDITY?
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The greater resemblance of offspring to parents than to other individuals in the population, a consequence of the passing of characteristic from parents to offspring through their genes
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What is a HETEROZYGOTE?
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Describes the genotype of a trait for which the two alleles an individual carries differ from each other
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What is a HOMOZYGOTE?
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Describe the genotype of a trait for which the two alleles are the same
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What is INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE?
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The case in which the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygote; an example is pink snapdragons, whose appearance is intermediate between homozygous for white flowers and homozygous for red flowers
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What is a LINKED GENE?
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Genes that are close to each other on a chromosome, and so are more likely than others to be inherited together
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What is MENDEL'S LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT?
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Allele pairs for different genes separate independently in meiosis, so the inheritance of one trait generally does not influence the inheritance of another trait (the exception, unknown to Mendel, occurs with linked genes)
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What is MENDEL'S LAW OF SEGREGATION?
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During the formation of gametes, the two alleles for a gene separate, so that half the gametes carry one allele, and half of the gametes carry the other
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What is MULTIPLE ALLELISM?
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The case is which a simple gene has more than two possible alleles
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What is PEDIGREE?
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In genetics, a type of family tree that maps the occurrence of a trait in a family, often over many generations
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What is a PHENOTYPE?
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The manifested structure, function, and behaviors of an individual; the expression of the genotype of an organism
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What is PLEIOTROPY?
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A phenomenon in which the individual gene influences multiple traits
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What is POLYGENIC?
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Describes a trait that is influenced by multiple different genes
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What is a PUNNET SQUARE?
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A diagram showing the possible outcomes of a cross between two individuals; the possible crosses are shown in the manner of a multiplication table
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What is RECESSIVE?
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Describes an allele whose phenotypic effect is masked by a dominant allele for a trait
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What is a SEX-LINKED TRAIT?
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A trait controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome
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What is a TEST-CROSS?
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A mating in which a homozygote recessive individual is bred to individuals of unknown genotype, showing the dominant phenotype; this type of cross can reveal the unknown genotype by the observed characteristics, or phenotypes, of the offspring
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What is TRUE-BREEDING?
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Describes the population of organisms in which, for a given trait, the offspring of crosses of individuals within the population always shows the same trait; thus, the offspring of pea plants that are true-breeding for round peas always have round peas
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