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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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When was homo denoisova discovered + how much of population do they make up |
2010 4 - 6% SE Asians |
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When was first firm evidence of Neanderthals and AMH interbreeding in ___ (fill in blank) |
2015 Europe |
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What are the basal hominins (+ yr) |
25 mya- 3.3 mya -origins of the great ape lineage - divergence from our closest living relatives - becoming bipedal |
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Lower Palaeolithic + yr |
3.3 mya - 300 mya
- first lithic tools - first expansion of hominins outside of Africa - emergence of cooperative hunting and meat focused diets; control of fire - emergence of Neanderthals in Europe |
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Middle palaeolithic + yr |
300 mya- 48 kya
- new lithic technology; first hafted tools -emergence of homo sapiens in Africa |
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Upper palaeolithic + yr |
48 kya- 12 kya - new lithic technology - modern humans radiate from Africa |
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How are species names comprised |
Atleast 2 words - genus (capitalized) - species (no caps) -both in italics E.g. Homo sapiens |
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Define hominin |
Ancestors of homo sapiens |
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Define homonid |
Ancestors of the great ape |
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How many living primates are there |
230 |
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Old world monkeys yr |
35 mya |
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New world monkeys yr |
40 mya |
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Tarsiers yr |
60 - 63 mya (uncertain) |
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4 features of apes |
- no tails - wider degree of freedom at the shoulder joint - only 15 species left - other than humans, not a successful group, largely replaced by monkeys in Africa and Asia past 10 mya |
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4 features of lesser apes/ gibbons |
- smaller/ lighter than great apes - less sexually dimorphic and don't build nests - arboreal and bipedal - smaller social groups than great apes |
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Define arboreal |
Living in trees |
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5 features of great apes/ hominids |
- large body size - must be careful in trees - shorter arms and legs than lesser apes - short thumbs - mainly fruit eaters, some meat |
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How genetically similar are we to chimpanzees |
98.7% |
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How genetically similar are we to gorillas |
95 - 97% |
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When did humans and chimps diverge |
5 - 10 mya |
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When did humans and gorillas diverge |
8 - 19 mya |
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In what terms are we an African ape (2) |
- genetically - in Darwinian evolution terms |
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How often are hominins found in the archaeological record |
Rarely |
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What type of evidence is recovered from our hominin ancestors |
Mainly teeth and bone fragments |
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What years are hominin finds dated in Africa + which 4 countries specifically |
2 - 6 mya all evidence from Africa - Chad - Ethiopia - Kenya/ Tanzania - South Africa |
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How many hominin species have been identified |
20 - 25 |
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Name the 4 categories of hominins in order (oldest to present) |
- basal hominins - australopithecines - transitional hominins - pre moderns |
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How did bipedalism change us anatomically |
- skulls attached inferiorly instead of posteriorly - spine S shaped instead of slightly curved - arms shorted than legs and not used for walking - bowl shaped pelvic instead of long and narrow - femur Angled in instead of out |
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Basal hominins, years and 4 hominins in this category |
-Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7- 6mya -Orrorin tugenensis 6.6 - 5.7mya - ardipithecus kadabba 5.8 - 5.2mya - ardipithecus ramidus from 4.4mya |
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Evidence/ example of sahelanthropus tchadensis in archae record |
- 6 fragmented bones including complete cranium and lower jaws found in Chad, central Africa - dated 7 - 6mya |
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Features of sahelanthropus tchadensis |
- bipedal - brow ridges - forehead - sloping face |
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Evidence/ example of ardipithecus ramidus in archae record |
- nicknames ardi - date 4.5 - 4.3mya -atleast 17 individuals - mainly teeth found - a remarkably complete skeletons found 45% preserved |
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Features of ardipithecus ramidus |
- fully bipedal but adapted to tree life - long arms relative to body -grasping toes |
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Impact of diet on paranthropines anatomy + how many species in this category |
- 3 species in this category - more robust, big chewing muscles - paranthropus aethiopicus has protruding line/ part in middle of skull (ontop of skull) as a result |
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Australopithecines |
Brain size slightly larger than chimps |
Brain |
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Example of australopithecus afarensis in archae record , where were they found and what years |
- found in east Africa (Tanzania, Ethiopia, kenya) - 4 - 3mya
1. Lucy 2. the 'first family' AL 333 -216 specimens -17 individuals, 9 adults, 3 adolescents, 5 young children - mainly jaws, teeth but some humeri and femora 3. Dikika baby - almost entire skull and torso - most parts of limbs - maybe 3 yrs old |
One of best known early hominins, large sample of different specimens |
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Laetoli |
- 3.6 mya footprints in damp volcanic ash from tanzania - from 3 hominin individuals - smallest individuals walked side by said on left of largest individual - intermediate sized individual superimposed feet over those of largest individual |
Case study |
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General cooling trend from ___ ? |
3.3 mya |
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Impact of drier climate on Africa |
Reduction in tree cover, expansion of grassland |
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General impact of climate cooling |
Changing distribution of food resources |
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First members of genus homo |
1.homo habilis - found in Ethiopia - 2.33mya 2.homo rudolfensis
Originally thought to be first tool makers |
First 2 |
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Brain size of homo habilis and homo rudolfensis |
Habilis- 500 - 600cm3 Rudolfensis- 700 - 850cm3 |
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The two earliest stone tools |
1. Lomekwian -3.3mya - found in lomekwi, kenya - very basics knapping skills, lots of failed strikes 2. Oldowan - 2.6mya - simple cores and flakes only - skills vary but includes very accomplished knapping |
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2 examples of oldowan |
1. kadar, gona, Ethiopia - 2.6mya 2. Lokalalei , kenya - 2.34mya -Systemic knapping - high level of control - few fails |
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Examples of primates demonstrating tool making/ use |
1. Orangutans - use stones to dig for tuber and process plants like cactus 2. Macaques - stone to crack open crabs 3. Kanzi the chimpanzee was taught to knap - independently developed own techniques |
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How hominin tool making differs from chimps |
- greater degree of physical skill - better casual reasoning - greater temporal and spatial scale of tool use |
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When is the earliest evidence for stone tools (not a date) |
Earlier than archae record for our own genus |
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When and why do chimps hunt/ eat meat |
- in times of food abundance - form of male social bonding - occational sex for meat but not primary purpose |
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Earliest evidence for meat access using stone tools |
1. Bone processing at dikika in Ethiopia - 3.39mya - similar in date to first known stone tools -before genus homo
2. Herto bouri - 2.5mya -handful of stone tools found, association with fossils uncertain |
Note, other forms of tool making may have existed before this but they just haven't survives in archae record. E.g. use of organic material such as wood |
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General size of a modern humans brain and a primates |
Human - 1400cm3 Primate - 400cm3 |
Related to meat eating |
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Summary points |
- we are African apes - earliest ancestors were walking long before they developed large brains or made stone tools - we are not unique as a tool maker or maker of stone tools - earliest stone tools pre-date homo - other primates hunt and eat meat too, scavenging is usually easier, big game hunting is probably very recent in evolutionary terms - bipedalism, tool use and increase carnivory provide foundation for rapid brain expansion that characterises the homo lineage |
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The acheulian |
-lithic tool -bifacial axe - cores and flakes - 1.8mya - 100,000kya -more complex tool making - preconceived form, manufacturing process more complex |
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Function of acheulian |
-chopping knife - butcher knife - flake dispenser - scraper -throwing weapon perhaps - digging tool |
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Who used acheulian tools |
- homo ergaster - homo erectus - homo heidelbergensis |
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When where the first hafted tools found |
-Middle palaeolithic -include stone tipped spears and projectiles - neanderthal- AMH period |
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Aside from anatomy what makes us human |
- abstract symbols/ thought E.g. art, cave paintings, jewellery -presence of fully grammatical language |
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When does evidence for abstract symbols begin to appear + 3 examples |
In Africa and the Levant from 100kya onwards 1. blombos cave 2. Klasies river mouth 3. Diepkloof rockshelter |
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Blomblos cave paintings |
-oldest abstract engraving in the world - markings in red ochre fragments - 75kya - 307 pieces show deliberate modification - show complex patterns - show deliberate patterns, some not |
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Blombos cave, shells |
- shell beads -atleast 28 -strung to sit in alternate positions -possible bracelets, necklaces, collar or headbands |
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Egg shells in diepkloof |
- ostrich egg shell in South Africa - 60 kya - 270 fragments - intentionally marked - standard geometric patterns - used as containers |
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Two examples in archae record representing the cognitive revolution |
1. the lion man of hohlenstein stadel, 40kbp 2. Sunghir burial - 30 - 28,000bp |
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How long did Neanderthals survive in Eurasia and when did they become extinct |
1. 100,000 years 2. 40,000 years ago |
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When did AMH and Neanderthals interbreed |
65- 50kya |
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Anatomically, which parts of the skeleton of AMH differ from Neanderthals |
- braincase shape - forehead - browridge - nasal bone projection - chin - occipital contour |
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Evidence for Neanderthal burial |
Currently have 25 virtually complete skeletons - found in shallow depressions - some evidence for ritual burial |
How many completely skeletons found |
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Were Neanderthals capable of symbolic thought |
Recent evidence to prove this E.g. cave paintings, collection of feathers
- implications of these new findings still be debated/ updated |
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