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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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Triple Entente
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Britain, France, Russia (counter to Triple Alliance)
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany; QUICK attack on France thru Belgium
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand
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Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip (Austria-Hungary)
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Gavrilo Princip
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Serbian nationalist (started WWI)
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Allies
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Britain, France, Russia, +40 others
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Isolationism
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WWI, practiced by US at first: focus on internal affairs, not participate in war (neutral)
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The Lusitania
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British passenger liner sunk by Germans
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Zingerman telegram
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Secret message between Germany & Mexico; Wilson declares war on Germany
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Treaty of Versailles
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Ended WWI; VERY punishing towards Germany
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Fourteen Points
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Written by Woodrow Wilson; blueprint for peace after WWI; not accepted by the allies (they wanted money from Germany)
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League of Nations
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Proposed by Wilson's Fourteen Points; US actually doesn't join, nor does Germany/Russia (until later)
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Russian Revolution
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Czar Nicholas abdicated throne, ending Romanov dyn;
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Soviets
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Local councils in Russia (under provisional gov during Revolution); Bolsheviks take over
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Bolsheviks
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Socialist party during Russian Revolution (Red Army)
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Ataturk
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"the Father of the Turks"; led military of Ottomans against Greeks; overthrew ottomans; formed Turkey
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New Economic Policy (NEP)
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Instituted by Lenin, disbanded by Stalin
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Jospeh Stalin
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Replaced NEP with Five Year Plans (sped up ag production)
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Collectivization
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Collecting farms and converting them to state-owned enterprises
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USSR
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Improved economy of Russia, but Stalin relied on terror tactics
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How did fascism gain momentum?
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Great Depression
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Fascism
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Destroy will of indiv for the will of "the people", create unified society
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Contrast: Fascism & Communism
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Fascism didn't want to eliminate private property or class distinctions
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Fascism vs Totalitarianism
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Fascism is a subset of totalitarianism
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Benito Mussolini
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Created National Fascist Party in Italy
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Blackshirts
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National Fascist Party in Italy paid Blackshirts to fight socialist organizations
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How did Mussolini come to power?
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He used the disparity of the factory workers and Italy's failing economy to rally support
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Wiemar Republic
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German system: conservative democratic republic; overthrown after Treaty of Versailles
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National Socialist Party
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Nazis in Germany; Nazism = extreme nationalism, ethnic superiority
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fuhrer
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"Leader" in German language (used by Nazis)
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Third Reich
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Government of Germany under Nazi control
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Reichtag
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Governing body in Germany after Weimar Republic
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Fransisco Franco
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Spanish general, took control of lg parts of Spain; supported by Italians & Germans (Franco wasn't fascist, but Germans didn't like the cur democracy)
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Munich Conference of 1938
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Hitler was given a piece of Czechoslovakia in return for promise of not expanding anymore
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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Stalin/Hitler = truce; Hitler gets land including a clear path to Poland
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Hitler's (not so) little secret
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He was supposed to stop annexing lands, but he didn't, even after promising
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Start of WWII
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Hitler moves into Poland
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Manchukuo
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Japanese invade Manchuria & rename it this
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Anti-Comintern Pact
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Japan and Germany sign an alliance (prelude to the one in WWII)
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Rape of Nanjing
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250,000 Chinese slaughtered by Japanese in city of Nanjing
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Blitzkrieg
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"Lightning war"; tactic of Hitler's forces
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Winston Churchill
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New leader of Britain as Germans were approaching
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Battle of Britain
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(Superior) German air force vs British Royal Air Force; British win because they have radar
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Indochina
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Vietnam
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Tripartite Pact
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Japan, Rome, Berlin
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Pearl Harbor
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Bombed by Japan in response to sanctions (which were b/c of Japan invading Vietnam)
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Manhattan Project
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Development of the atomic bomb
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The final 3 allies in WWII
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US, Soviet Union, Britain
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D-day
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Forces from Britain, US, and Canada launch offensive on Normandy beach (France)
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Stalingrad
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Russians (Red Army) win at Stalingrad against Germans
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President Truman
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Ordered dropping of atomic bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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Marshall Plan
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US offers billions to W Europe for reconstruction (it works WELL)
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United Nations
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Created after WWII; goal: mediate international disputes between nations (and later human rights issues)
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Consequences of WWII
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Holocaust is revealed, US & Soviet Union become superpowers, Europe is in ruins, colonialism declines, women have new role in society, international organizations created, cold war begins
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Cold War Era (years)
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1945-(early) 1990s
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Berlin Blockade
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Germany divided into 4 regions occupied by allies; Russia wanted their region to stay under its influence, wouldn't merge, and so they created a blockade
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Soviet Bloc
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Soviet satellites during cold war (E Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary)
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Truman Doctrine
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US says: We will aid countries threatened by commy takeover
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NATO
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Western bloc form military alliance
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Warsaw Pact
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Soviet bloc's response to NATO
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Iron Curtain
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Line between East and West Europe during Cold War Era
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Sun Yat-sen
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Led Chinese Revolution of 1911 (after fall of Manchu Dynasty); China becomes westernized and tries to oust European/Japanese spheres of influence
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Three Principles of the People
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Nationalism, socialism, democracy
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Guomindang
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Party established by Yat-sen
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Mao Zedong
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Gathers peasants, establishes Republic of China
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Two Chinas
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People's Republic of China (recognized by UN) and Guomindang party (Taiwan)
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Great Leap Forward
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Implemented by Mao Zedong; created communes to become true Marxist state
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Mao Zedong's changes
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Social reform similar to Stalin's five-year plans; closed down universities (NOT a good idea)
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Outcome of communes in China
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Failed. Quotas were too great, and Soviet Union no longer was supporting China
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Cultural Revolution
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Instituted by Mao Zedong to prevent prevent the creation of privileged ruling class
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Tienanmen Square Massacre
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Hundreds of protesters for democracy killed
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What happened to Korea after WWII?
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Japan has to give it up, Soviets occupy N, U.S. in S, can't agree, create sep. govs (sounds like Germany!)
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General MacArthur
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N Korea attacks S, MacArthur pushes his forces up to Chinese border, when Chinese join war for N and push back to 38th Parallel
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Where was N/S Korea split?
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38th parallel
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Vietminh
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Try to fight off France in Vietnam (wanted ind)
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Ho Chi Minh
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Controlled N Vietnam (commy)
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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Controlled S Vietnam (democratic)
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Outcome of Vietnam Conflict
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Country is reunited under communist Ho Chi Minh
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Platt Amendment
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Allowed US to have military bases & stay involved with Cuba
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Batista Dictatorship
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Cuba, policies favored wealthy; overthrown by Fidel in Cuban Revolution
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Cuban Revolution
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Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro who establishes a communist gov (NOT a democratic one like he promised)
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Bay of Pigs Invasion
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Kennedy-authorized; Cuban exiles move in and are immediately captured
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Cuban Missile Crises
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US detects Soviet missiles in Cuba, forms blockade; Soviets back down in return for promise that US won't invade Cuba
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Effect on standard of living in Europe during Cold War
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West: improved dramatically
East: innovation lacked, divide between rich/poor widened |
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Lech Walesa
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Led "Solidarity" movement in Poland; eventually became president
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Solidarity Movement
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Poland; Leads to new gov: democracy, econ reforms, and joining of NATO
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German reuinification
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Berlin wall falls, E Germany tries to get back with the W, cuts off Soviet ties
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Germany WWI -> Reunification
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Crushed in WWI -> built up by Nazis -> crushed in WWII -> occupied by 4 former enemies -> split in half -> epicenter of Cold War -> reunified
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Leader in Soviet Union, restructured economy, added elements of capitalism, criticized Stalin--probably led to downfall
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Yugolavia
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Ethnic cleansing: Muslims killed by Serbians
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Chechnya
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Part of Russia, Muslims wanted to break away
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Indian National Congress
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Mostly Hindu; Goal: Increase rights of Indians under colonial rule
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Muslim League
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Tried to advance the rights of Islamic Indians (remember: Indian National Congress was mostly Hindu)
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Two movements after British give India independence
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(1) By Gandhi: one nation, both religions allowed; (2) Muhammad Ali Jinnah: split India amongst two religions
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Amritsar massacre
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India; British general opens fire on peaceful protesters
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What is effect of Amritsar massacre?
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It gains a LOT of support for the independence movement in India
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Mohandas Ghandi
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Passive resistance (demonstrations, boycotts, etc); against British rule of India
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Independent India divided
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Three parts: Pakistan (Muslim; 2 parts: west and east, currently Pakistan and Bangladesh) and India (Hindu)
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Result of India/Pakistan split
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Millions had to migrate to new regions, created a LOT of conflict
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Why couldn't former colonies in Africa estab strong states after independence?
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Border lines were drawn without regard to ethnicity, people were uneducated, and there were few professionals (doctors, scientists, etc)
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Why did Red Cross, Amnesty International, etc. form after WWII?
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UN, World Bank, etc. did not represent the 3rd world, and now these orgs could effectively communicate travel (globalization)
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Union in South Africa
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Combined regions in South Africa, gave British and Dutch colonists many rights, but excluded blacks
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Apartheid
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South Africa; Prevented blacks from certain professions, made them move to certain (poorest quality land) regions, etc.
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Nelson Mandela
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African National Congress and first elected president of South Africa
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African National Congress
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Established by Mandela to get rid of apartheid; peaceful until Sharpeville massacre
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Sharpeville massacre
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Protesting blacks in South Africa are killed
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Zionists
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Jewish nationalists during WWI, convince Balfour to give them a piece of Palestine
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Balfour Declaration
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Jewish people need a home in Palestine
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Six Day War
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Israelis take West Bank from Jordan Golan Heights from Syria, and Gaza Strip from Egypt
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Camp David Accords
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Israel pulls out of Sinai Peninsula and Egypt will recognize Israel's right to exist
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Palestine Liberation Organization
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Wants to reestablish a Palestinian state
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intifada
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uprising
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Reza Shah Pahlavi
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Iran shah tries to westernize Iran: it works, but Muslims are pissed off (women in school, etc)
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Iranian Revolution
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Got rid of the Shah (who had a policy of westernization) and returned to Islamic values
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Gulf War
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Iraq vs Kuwait (NOTE: Kuwait = lots of oil)
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