Wh.2 Exam. 3

Front 1

Who was Peter Stolypin and what was his significance?

Back 1

Chief Minister of Czar Nicholas II. Created reforms that redistributed land to 2 million peasants, creating incentive. By WWI 75% of agriculture going to market, 40% abroad --> Agriculture as means on industry.

Front 2

What major political parties emerged in Russia in the early 20th centruy?

Back 2

Marxists & Bolsheviks

Front 3

What were the principle causes of the 1905 Revolution in Russia?

Back 3

-Secret police repression
-Serfdom
-Industrialization of economy. Although peasantry was prospering agriculturally they were stiffled politically.
- Rise in popularity of socialism
-Humiliating loss to Japan,
-Czar Nicholas II. Weak leader.

Front 4

What was the October Manifesto and what was its significance?

Back 4

Precursor to Russian Constitution; Addressed unrest in Russia and granted certian rights like participation in Duma, male suffrage, uncensorship, freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.

Front 5

What was the State Duma?

Back 5

Parliament est. under Nicholas II. Turned Czar's absolute power into constitutional monarchy. Nicholas II tried to crush Duma, unsuccesful.

Front 6

What impact did WWI had on Russian economy and society?

Back 6

Much of the peasantry had died either from war, famine, and disease, and factories were destroyed in war. Many middle class and nobles had left. To try and restore Russia, Lenin:
- Lmtd. Free enterprise to encourage peasant productivity.
-Secret Police CHEKA, to prevent uprising
- "Incorporate" peasants into gov't through "Ploterian Dictatorship"
- Revive tsarist Russia into USSR.

Front 7

What were the military industrial committees and what were their major purpose?

Back 7

During WWI, had private enterprises produce military goods.

Front 8

What were the major causes of the Feb. 1917 Revolution?

Back 8

-Loss in WWI
-Inflation--> Subsistence Farming by Peasantry--> Food Shortage for everyone else.

Front 9

What was the Provisional Gov't?

Back 9

Formed by the Duma in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) after Czar Nicholas II gave up the throne. Dual Rule with Soviet Socialist for short time before being overthrown in reaction to the desire to continue fighting Germany.

Front 10

What was the major purpose of the 2nd Congress of the Soviets?

Back 10

Ratifying the revolution and officially overthrowing the Provisional Gov't.

Front 11

What party siezed political control in October 1917?

Back 11

Bolsheviks

Front 12

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Back 12

Marxist revolutionary and leader of the Bolsheviks. Organized 1917 Revolution to overthrow Kerensky's Provisional Gov't. Pulled Russia out of WWI by signing away land in Brest-Litovsk Treaty of 1918.

Front 13

What was the NEP?

Back 13

While it allowed small private industry, it put banks, foriegn trade, and large industry under Bolshevik control.

Front 14

What major policies did the Bolsheviks carry out during War Communism?

Back 14

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Front 15

What was the major impact of WWI on the economy of Great Britain?

Back 15

The British economy entered a depression after the war because:
- They had taken out massive loans from the U.S. to finance war.
- Britain rebuilds industries, however, its markets have already gone elsewhere, esp. U.S.

Front 16

What major problems emerged in Great Britain after WWI as a new political force?

Back 16

labor party

Front 17

who was Ramsey McDonald?

Back 17

First Prime Minister elected from the Labour Party.

Front 18

What was the National Government?

Back 18

coalition gov't between many all major parties in the UK. Was in power 1931-1940

Front 19

What was the British Commonwealth of Nations?

Back 19

great Britain and all of its former dependencies, however great britain was still recognized as a leader.( new zealand, australia, GB, canada, ireland)

Front 20

What were the major problems that the British Empire faced after WWI?

Back 20

unemployment, debt, loss of global dominance.

Front 21

What was the Popular Front?

Back 21

Left wing movement in France which came to power in 1936

Front 22

Who was Leon Blum?

Back 22

Leader of Popular Front, Socialist elected Prim Minister 3 times, beginning in 1936

Front 23

What were the Action Franciase and the Croix de Feu and what were their principle political attitudes?

Back 23

Formd after WWI, it was a far right, mostly catholic movement, formed by vets. It was dissolved when the Popular Front came to power

Front 24

What major policies were carried out by the Soviets in the 1930's?

Back 24

-Transform the Soviet Union into an Industrial Power (5 year plan, heavy industry, forced labor)
-Collectivization of Agriculture
to support growing urban population
-Get rid of opposition or threat (moderates in gov't, Lenin's people)

Front 25

What were the general economic and social conditions in Italy during 1919-1921?

Back 25

Chaos, the country was plagued with unemployment, inflation, riots, strikes, and brigandage

Front 26

What was the general political condition in Italy from 1919-1921?

Back 26

rise of fascism; strong brutal doctoral rule. Political turmoil: parliamentary crisis between socialist party and catholic party. Right wing violence.

Front 27

What was the Squadrisiti?

Back 27

(Blackshirts) a military group made up of former military officers and young peasants/laborers they were allied with Facism and fought Mussolini's opposition, often violently.

Front 28

Who was Benito Mussolini?

Back 28

Leader of Fascist Party, he created a Fascist Dictatorship in Italy by 1925. His party claimed to protect nationalist/veteran interests.He bullied Italian Parliament to give him emergency powers allowing him to:
-shutdown other parties
-censor press
-end other civil liberties

Front 29

What was the Lateran Accord and what was its significance?

Back 29

Est. Vatican City and the Holy See as a sovereign nation. Est. Catholicism as the official religion of Italy. Gave Catholic Church power over marriage/ annulment. Catholic Church OFFICIALLY recognizes state of Italy.

Front 30

What principle elements characterized the Fascist economy?

Back 30

-Private property and free enterprise.
-Development of Italy's industry
-Public Works
All of this limited by lack of reasources

Front 31

What was corporatism?

Back 31

In Fascist Italy:
system in which the state was divided into corporations which deal with labor disputes , control wages and prices, and supervise working conditions ; 22 corps

Front 32

What was the general economic condition in Germany after WWI?

Back 32

-Depression which led to high tarriffs and international tensions
-Collapse of economy with collapse of U.S. stock market, from whom Germany depended on for loans.

Front 33

What was the Spartacist revolution?

Back 33

Left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement during WWI in Germany (1919).

Front 34

Who were Karl Liebnecht and Rose Luxemborg?

Back 34

Led the Sparticus League/ organized the Sparticist uprising.

Front 35

Who was Gustav Stressman and what was his significance?

Back 35

German Chancellor during Weimar Republic and strong supporter of democracy. Helped reconcile France and Germany to peace.

Front 36

Who was Ernest Roehm?

Back 36

German officer and early Nazi leader, killed by Hitler who felt threatened by him

Front 37

What was the Kriestelnacht?

Back 37

Series of attacks in Nov. 1938 in Nazi Germany and Austria against Jews. Jewish synagogues, homes, and businesses were ransacked and over 30,000 Jews were taken into custody and brought to concentration camps. "Nigh of the Broken Glass."

Front 38

What were the 3 K's?

Back 38

A Nazi women's sphere: Kirche, Kueche, Kinder or Church, Children, and Kitchen.

Front 39

what was the Locarno Agreement of 1925 and what was its significance?

Back 39

In October 1925 this agreement between Soviet Union and Allied Powers finalized the territories of each country following WWI and normalized relations with defeated Germany

Front 40

What was the Kellogg-Braind Pact of 1928 and what was its significance?

Back 40

Between U.S., U.K., France, ITaly, Japan, and Wiemar Germany this pact prohibited war as "an instrument of national policy" except in instances of self-defense.

Front 41

What conflicting ideologies led to the origins of WWII?

Back 41

-The Treaty of Versailles: Disagreements between Britian and France on how to deal with Italy and Germany, who was rearming in spite of TOV
-The Great Depression
-The Russian Revolution

Front 42

What policies were known as the appeasement?

Back 42

Those which sought to negotiate peace rather than declare war of Germany prior to the invasion of Poland.

Front 43

What happened in Spain 1936-1939? The Spanish Civil War?

Back 43

was a military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. Germany and Italy aided the Nationalists and the Soviet Union aided the Republicans.

Front 44

What was the Popular Front in Spain in 1936?

Back 44

Socialists, Left-Liberals, Communists and regional nationalists who beat the incumbents in the 1936 election by 1%. The forthcoming lack of cooperation led to fear of revolution.

Front 45

Who was Francisco Franco and what was his significance?

Back 45

Led Nationalists against Popular Front with help of Italy and Nazi Germany. His forces won and after dissolving the Parliament he became dictator of Spain from 1939-75

Front 46

What was the Rome-Berlin Axis?

Back 46

The alignment of countries that fought against the Allied Powers.

Front 47

Who joined the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1937?

Back 47

Germany and Italy

Front 48

What was the Anschluss?

Back 48

The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938

Front 49

What was the Munich Conference in 1938 and what was its significance?

Back 49

Meeting between Germany, France, Britain, and Italy in which France and Britain agreed to allow Germany the Sudetenland without consulting Czechoslovakia to whom it belonged to. Later he took power of Czechoslovakia as well.
Significance:
-It became clear Hitler could not be appeased.
-Fearing Hitler would not stop on the Eastern Front, Stalin signed pact dividing Poland between them.

Front 50

What area of Central Europe caused tension between Germany and Czechoslovakia?

Back 50

Sudetenland

Front 51

What was the Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression pact of 1939 and what were its major provisions?

Back 51

Pledge by Nazi and Soviets to remain neutral should either be attacked by a third party. Divided Poland between the two, annexed Balkans and part of Finland to Soviets. Determined Soviet and Nazi Spheres of influence should Europe be taken over. Pact lasted until Nazi's invaded Soviet Union in June 1941.

Front 52

What country was invaded by Germany in 1938?

Back 52

Austria

Front 53

What country was invaded by Germany in Sept. 1939?

Back 53

Czechoslovakia

Front 54

What was the Maginot Line?

Back 54

Line of fortifications and defense mechanism constructed along France's border with Germany and Italy, which would give them time to mobilize in case of attack. Because Germany invaded via the Ardennes Forest and Low Country it was of little use.

Front 55

What was the Luftwaffe?

Back 55

German air force

Front 56

What was the Lend-Lease Act and what was its historical significance?

Back 56

program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with materials for WWII. Ended neutrality of U.S. in WWII.

Front 57

What Russian city was seized by the Germans in 1941?

Back 57

Leningrad/Rostov

Front 58

What was the Juderein?

Back 58

Freeing an area of all Jewish citizens, literally denoted area free of Jews.

Front 59

Who was Bernard Montgomery?

Back 59

British Commander in Tunisia and planned D-Day Invasion of Normandy

Front 60

Who were the Big Three?

Back 60

Leader of 3 major allies in WWII: Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Rooselvelt, Winston Churchill

Front 61

What were the major turning points in the war in 1942?

Back 61

-Building of wartime industry in U.S. which was 2x more productive then all the enemies combined.
-British and American air force evolved from ground support to being used for long range bombing on Germans
-Modifying tanks with assualt guns, etc.
-Stalingrad, El Alamein, Guadalcanal

Front 62

What was D-Day?

Back 62

June 6, 1944, when allied forces invaded Europe.

Front 63

Who was Marshal Petain?

Back 63

WWI Military leader and former French Nat'l Hero but later declared a traitor after leading pro-German Vichy government after Germany invaded. Trailed and executed under Charles de Gaulle

Front 64

What was the Vichy Government?

Back 64

•French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans, led by Petain

Front 65

What was the National Committee of Liberation?

Back 65

formed by the French leaders Gens. Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle to provide united leadership, organize and coordinate the campaign to liberate France from Nazi Germany

Front 66

Who was Charles de Gaulle?

Back 66

led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.

Front 67

How did European states organize their economy after the war?

Back 67

Marshall Plan?- large sums of money were given by U.S. to Europe with no repayment plan

Front 68

What were the major issues of the Tehren conference in 1943?

Back 68

- plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, and the chief discussion was centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe.
-Discussing afterwar settlement
-Relations with Turkey & Iranian indpendence
-Yugoslovia & Japanese operations

Front 69

What were the principle issues of the Yatla conference in 1945?

Back 69

Discuss post-war reorganization/ reestablishment of nations

Front 70

What issue led to split between Soviet Union and Western Allies?

Back 70

Stalins:
-stall tactics at the Potsdam Peace Conference (July, 1945),
-support of Chinese Communists in their civil war,
-takeover of Eastern Europe/ possible disctatorship

Front 71

What was the Marshall Plan and what was its historical significance?

Back 71

Its basic premise was that Communism thrived in economically backward or disrupted areas. Large amounts of foreign aid to revive Europe's economies would deprive the Communists of the conditions on which they thrived and provide the United States with stable trade partners and markets.

Front 72

How did the results of WWII affect the domestic and economic politics of Europe?

Back 72

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Front 73

What were the most important developments in Europe between 1945-1975?

Back 73

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Front 74

Who was Clement Attlee?

Back 74

Labour praty Prime Minister of U.K. from 1945-1951. He was present at the Postdam Conference with Churchill. Under his administration the National Health Service was created and many industries were nationalized.

Front 75

Who was Charles de Gaulle and what was his significance?

Back 75

led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969. Issued new currency to control inflation and helped industry growth.

Front 76

Who was Jean Monet?

Back 76

Helped design the European Union, the Monnet Plan was used to redirect German coal to French Industry, which helped it become more productive.

Front 77

Who was Kondrad Adenauer?

Back 77

As first Chancellor of the the new Federal Republic of Germany after WWII, he helped bring Germany to prosperity. He founded the Christian Democratic Union.

Front 78

Who was Oliviera Salazar?

Back 78

Prim Minister of Portugal from 1932-1968. During this time Portugal, although neutral, provided aid to allies and refuge to Jews in WWII. His time was marked by consistent in growth but a strict regime and lack of persona liberties.

Front 79

Who was Gen. Franco?

Back 79

Disctator of Spain from 1939-1975, his regime was characterized by suppression and censorship, punishment for dissedents. Allie to U.S. who supported his anti-communist scheme.

Front 80

What was the Organization of European Economic Cooperation?

Back 80

international economic organisation of 34 countries originiated in 1948 to stimulate economic progress and world trade & help administer Marshall Plan

Front 81

What was the most important developments in the domestic history of the Soviet Union from 1953-1962?

Back 81

Death of Joseph Stalin --> Warsaw Pact -->Nikita Khrushchev takes power of Kremlin--> Hungarian Uprising--> Nucleur Testing =--> The Space Race/Sputnik

Front 82

What was Sputnik?

Back 82

World's first space satellite, which orbited around the earth, was launched by Russia

Front 83

Who was Nikita Khrushchev?

Back 83

Ruled Soviet Union during Cold War. Backing of early space programs and de-Stalinization.

Front 84

What instution was formed in Eastern Europe to coordinate economic planning and cooperation?

Back 84

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Front 85

What individual headed the occupation government in Japan from 1945-1952?

Back 85

Douglas MacArthur