Wh 4 Terms

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Absolute monarch

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 is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority that is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

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Cash crop

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 a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

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Commercial

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concerned with or engaged in commerce.

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Deists

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is a theological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient

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Economy

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is an area of the production, distribution, or trade, and consumption of goods and services by different agents in a given geographical location.

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Jurisdiction

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the official power to make legal decisions and judgments.

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Monastic

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 of or relating to monks, nuns, or others living under religious vows, or the buildings in which they live.

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Morality

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 principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.

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Patriarch

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the male head of a family or tribe

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Salvation

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deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ.

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Urbanization

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 refers to the increasing number of people that live in urban areas. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical.

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Vernacular

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

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Age of Reason

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An era during which rational thought is prominent or esteemed, especially the Enlightenment in western Europe. An age at which a person is considered capable of making reasoned judgments.

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Columbian Exchange

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 refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds

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Edict of Nantes

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signed probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

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English Bill of Rights

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was a British Law, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1689 that declared the rights and liberties of the people

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Goa

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Island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade

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Henry VIII

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A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved

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Indulgences

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thing that is indulged in; a luxury.

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Law of Heavenly Bodies

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Copernicus believed that heavenly bodies were in constant rotation

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Peter the Great

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 A Russian czar of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries who tried to transform Russia from a backward nation into a progressive one by introducing customs and ideas from western European countries.

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Renaissance

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Renaissance means “rebirth” or “reawakening.”

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Shogun

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was a military dictator in Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868

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Thirty Years War

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The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

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Zheng He

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 admiral, diplomat, and explorer during China's Ming dynasty. At 10 he was captured by Chinese troops in Yunnan, castrated, and sent into the army.

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Agrarian

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 of or relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land.

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Circumnavigate

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 sail all the way around (something, especially the world).

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Commonwealth

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an independent country or community, especially a democratic republic.

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Demography

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 the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

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Hedonism

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the pursuit of pleasure; sensual self-indulgence

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Left-wing

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the liberal, socialist, or radical section of a political party or system.

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Monk

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 a member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

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Nun

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 a member of a religious community of women, especially a cloistered one, living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience

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Pope

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the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Sanctioned

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 give official permission or approval for (an action).

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Utopian

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modeled on or aiming for a state in which everything is perfect; idealistic.

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Tokugawa Bakufu System

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was the feudal political system in the Edo period of Japan. Baku is an abbreviation of bakufu, meaning "military government"—that is, the shogunate.

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Akbar

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 known as “the Great.” 1542–1605. Mughal emperor of India (1556–1605) who conquered most of northern India and exercised religious tolerance.

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Counter Reformation

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 was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty ...

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Edict of Fountainbleu

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was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state.

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English Commonwealth

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 s a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good.

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Printing Press

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a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.

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Heliocentric Theory

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that the earth revolves around the sun is called the heliocentric theory

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Inquisition

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 that the earth revolves around the sun is called the heliocentric theory

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Martin Luther

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A sixteenth-century German religious leader; the founder of Protestantism. Luther, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, began the Reformation by posting his Ninety-five Theses

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Philip II

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 king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598)

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Roman Catholic Church

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 he branch of Christianity headed by the pope. The Roman Catholic Church is governed by a hierarchy with the pope at the top and, at the lower levels, bishops and priests.

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Single Whip System

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was a fiscal law first instituted during the middle Ming dynasty, in the early 16th century, and then promulgated throughout the empire in 1580 by Zhang Juzheng.

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Atheists

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 a person who disbelieves or lacks belief in the is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components. The term is derived from the Latin word colere, which means "to inhabit" existence of God or gods.

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Colonization

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is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components. The term is derived from the Latin word colere, which means "to inhabit"

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Convent

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Christian community under monastic vows, especially one of nuns.

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Divine

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of, from, or like God or a god

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Humanism

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an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.

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Mercantilism

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 belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism

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Monopoly

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 the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

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Papacy/papa

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the office or authority of the pope

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Revolution

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a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.

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Satire

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the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

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Vassals

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 a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance.

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Treaty of Westphalia

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was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, effectively ending the European wars of religion.

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Batavia

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an ancient name for a region of Holland, from Latin Batavi, a people who dwelt between the Rhine and the Waal on the island of Betawe.

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Dutch East India Company

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 was originally established as a chartered company in 1602, when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on Dutch spice trade.

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Elizabeth I

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who succeeded the Mary I, a Catholic, and reestablished Protestantism in England.

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European Exploration

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 is one of the most important periods of geographical exploration in human history. It started in the early 15th century and lasted until the 17th century.

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Hacienda System

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is a Spanish word for an estate. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories.

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Holy Roman Empire

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 A major political institution in Europe that lasted from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries.

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Jannissary Corps

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a soldier of an elite corps of Turkish troops organized in the 14th century and abolished in 1826

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Louis XIV

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is reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies

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Potosi Silver Mine

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The city gave rise to a Spanish expression, still in use

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Scientific Method

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a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

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Straights of Malacca

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a state in Malaysia, on the SW Malay Peninsula: formerly a part of the British Straits Settlements and of the Federation of Malaya. 640 sq. mi. (1658 sq. km)

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Capitalism

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 an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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Commerce

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the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire ..

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Divine right

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The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-givenright to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.

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Institution

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a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose.

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Monarchy

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 a form of government with a monarch at the head

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Monotheism

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the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.

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Parliament

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the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons.

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Right-wing

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the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system.

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Subsistence

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the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level.

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Venerate

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 regard with great respect; revere

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The Vatican

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the chief residence of the popes in Vatican City, now also including a library, archives, art museum, apartments, andadministrative offices

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John Calvin

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a male given name: from a Latin word meaning “bald.”

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Eastern Orthodox

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or consisting of the Eastern churches that form a loose federation according primacy of honor to the patriarch of Constantinople and adhering to the decisions of the first seven ecumenical councils and to the Byzantine rite.

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Encomienda System

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attempted to define the status of the Indian population in its American colonies. It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during the Reconquista

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Floating Empires

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Eager to eliminate Muslim middlemen and find more efficient trade routes, the Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea (nicknamed "floating empires"); they soon controlled many major shipping routes

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Hapsburgs

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 a German princely family founded by Albert, count of Hapsburg (1153). From 1440 to 1806, the Hapsburgs wore the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire almost uninterruptedly. They also provided rulers for Austria, Spain, Hungary, Bohemia, etc

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Huguenots

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 a French Protestant of the 16th–17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

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Jesuit Order

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 Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen; it is strongly committed to education and scholarship. Society of Jesus.

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Manchu (Qing

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 a member of a people originally living in Manchuria who formed the last imperial dynasty of China (1644–1912).

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Protestant Reformation

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a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

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Scientific Revolution

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 efers to the rapid advances in European scientific, mathematical, and political thought, based on a new philosophy of empiricism and a faith in progress that defined Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.