Wh 10 Scientific Rev-Industrial Revolution

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AGRARIAN

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A social and political philosophy which stresses a rural or semi-rural lifestyle, most especially agricultural pursuits such as farming or ranching. In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England, the word identified any land reform movement that sought to redistribute cultivated lands equally.

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ARISTOCRACY

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A form of government in which a few of the most prominent citizens rule.

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BASTILLE

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An ancient prison in Paris. Attacked by people on July 14th, 1789. It was the first violent act in the French Revolution.

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BOURGEOISIE

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A social class characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture. They are a part of the middle or merchant classes, and derived social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as distinguished from social classes whose power came from being born into an aristocratic family of titled land owners granted feudal privileges by the monarch.

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CAPITALISM

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An economic system where the means of production are privately owned

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CHARLES I

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He was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

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DESPOTISM

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A form of government by which a single entity rules with absolute and unlimited power, and may be expressed by an indvidual as an autocracy or through a group as an oligarchy.

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ENLIGHTENMENT

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Era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.

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JACOBINS

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Political club during the French Revolution. Initially moderate, the club later became notorious for its implementation. At the height of its influence, there were thousands of chapters throughout France, with a membership estimated at 420,000.

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JOHN LOCKE

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widely known as the Father of Liberalism, he was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. He wrote Two Treatises of Government in 1789.

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LAISSEZ-FAIRE

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An economic term which means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. The phrase is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."

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LOUIS XIV

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Known as the Sun King (French: le Roi Soleil), he was King of France and of Navarre. His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch.

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LOUIS XVI

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Ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France to be executed.

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MECHANIZATION

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Providing human operators with machinery that assist them with the muscular requirements of work. It can also refer to the use of machines to replace automatic labor or animals. A step beyond this stage is automation.

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MONOPOLIES

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when a specific individual or an enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it.

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NATURAL LAW

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a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by nature and that therefore has validity everywhere.

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THOMAS HOBBES

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English philosopher, remembered today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.

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UTOPIAN

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A name for an ideal community or society, which is taken from Of the Best State of a Republic, and of the New Island Utopia, a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean, possessing a seemingly perfect socio-politico-legal system. The term has been used to describe both intentional communities that attempted to create an ideal society, and fictional societies portrayed in literature.

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VULCANIZATION

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A chemical process for converting rubber or related polymers into more durable materials via the addition of sulfur or other equivalent "curatives". Process was patented on June 15, 1844, by Charles Goodyear.

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ABSOLUTISM

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a form of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally-organized direct opposition in force.

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AGE OF REASON

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This period saw the birth of some of the classics of political thought, especially Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, and John Locke's Two Treatises of Government. This time was a culmination of the slow process of detachment of philosophy from theology. Thus, while philosophers still talked about and even offered arguments for the existence of a deity, this was done in the service of philosophical argument and thought.