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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Codes of Gender Movie
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Need to recognize either as male or female
Gender Identity constructed by society - Goffman Women portrayed in ads to be subordinate Canting, Delicate Gender Display in Ways we walk Advetisements, different for men |
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Women Work at Home and Outside Home
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-work women do in the home not often considered work
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“reproductive labor” and “kin keeping”
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gender norms that associate women, the home and domesticity reinforce the assumption that housework and childcare are women’s work
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economic globalization
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– processes that integrate economies toward a global marketplace or a single world market illustrated by the rapid growth of transnational corporations and complex networks of production and consumption
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in 2010, New York became first state to pass a domestic workers’ bill of rights that gave nannies, housekeepers and household cooks the same protections as other workers
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in U.S., amount of housework women do has decreased while men’s work increased
-women do 2/3rds of the world’s work but only receive 5% of the world’s income |
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equally shared
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couples negotiate who does what to provide equity rather than divide up all tasks and each do an equal amount
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-“cult of true womanhood"
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– prescriptions for white, middle-class femininity that includes piety, purity and domesticity (double bind that women must be both chaste and promiscuous)
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Equal Pay Act (1963) –
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“equal pay for equal work”
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sexual harassment – unwelcome sexual advances or requests for sexual favors
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submission is made explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of an individual’s employment
-submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting that individual -such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment -may include physical contact, verbal conduct or nonverbal conduct such as sexual gestures or pornographic pictures |
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-quid pro quo
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unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature
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hostile work environment
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no explicit demand for an exchange of sexual acts for work-related conditions but being subjected to a pattern of harassment as part of the work environment)
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affirmative action
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taking gender and race into account in terms of hiring
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globalization – processes by which regional economies societies and cultures have become integrated through an interconnected global network of communication, transportation and trade
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occupational segregation by gender – segregating women and men into different jobs
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horizontal segregation – segregating women and men across different kinds of jobs; result of sexism, racism and other systems of inequality and privilege
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vertical segregation – segregating within jobs; same functions as vertical segregation
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blue collar – working class involved with industrial, production and factory work
-white collar – middle-class occupations; office/professional work |
-glass ceiling – barriers to advancement in the labor force
-glass escalator – practice whereby men who go into traditionally female-dominated professions are disproportionately advanced into management and administrative positions where they receive more prestige pay and power than women |
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glass precipice – process whereby women are encouraged into leadership positions in failing organizations and companies and are disproportionately set up to fail professionally
-gender wage gap – index of the status of women’s earnings relative to men’s and is expressed as a percentage (77 cents to the dollar) -explained by horizontal and vertical segregation and overt and covert discrimination against women and other marginalized workers |
-comparable worth (pay equity) – paying women and men in different occupations comparably
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#64 Power Plays: 6 Ways the Male Corporate Elite Keeps Women Out (Martha Burk)
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-1: power re-creates itself in its own image
-most comfortable with people who are like us -2: power elites enforce norms and systems that guarantee continued power -any newcomer that doesn’t conform doesn’t last long -3: power creates a sense of entitlement -elite power creates more super-entitlement than cultural valuations of just being male -4: power creates invulnerability, leading to a flaunting of society’s standards -5: loyalty to power overshadows other loyalties, including gender and race -e.g. black men thought of more as being a man than being black -6: group loyalty combined with power can trump good judgment and override individual moral codes -loyalty becomes perverted when it serves a purpose counter to society’s values |
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gendered violence – implies that harm evolves from the imbalances in power between women and men that includes acts of intimidations and harassment, forcing someone to watch or participate in porn, forced prostitution and other sex works, emotional/psychological or physical and sexual abuse
-violence is the effect of power relationships |
gendered violence is specifically linked to processes of globalization because these processes often heighten problems associated with gender inequities in relationships, families and communities at the same time that they often increase women’s poverty and therefore their vulnerability
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-stalking – act of a person who on more than one occasion follows, pursues or harasses another person, and by actively engaging in a pattern of conduct, causes victims to believe the stalker will cause physical harm or mental distress to them
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-the prevalence of anxiety, insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression is much higher among stalking victims
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tendency to “exoticize” global gendered violence as something that happens elsewhere
-addressing issue of violence against women must involve these points |
if boys are raised to hide emotions and girls are raise to be dependent, then interpersonal violence is no surprise
-violence by men is a power issue and must be seen as related to masculine dominance in society as represented in interpersonal relationships and in the control of political myths -hate crimes target a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group -gendered sexual violence is often related to the ways violence is eroticized and sexuality is connected to violence |
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Rape
-defined as sex without consent; crime of aggression; a form of sexual assault and sexual abuse |
altruistic sex – motivation for consent involves feeling sorry for the other person, or feeling guilty about resisted sexual advances
-compliant sex – where the consequences of not doing it are worse than doing it |
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consensual sex – communication where individuals express their feelings and desires and are able to listen to and respect others’ feelings and desires
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rape spectrum – range produced by entitlements associated with masculinity
-rape is used as a weapon of war; it is male power, domination and humiliation; one of the extreme examples of interpersonal military violence |
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sexual assault – any sexual contact without consent and/or that involves the use of force; an act of power, control and domination
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three types of marital rape:
-force-only rape -battering rape -sadistic/obsessive rape intraracial rape – the majority of rape that occur within racial groups -women of color are especially vulnerable as victims because of their marginalized status |
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Battering and Physical Abuse
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-men abuse because they have internalized sexism and the right to dominate women and have learned to use violence as a way to deal with conflict; they also possess repressed anger
-abusive behavior is an act of domination -ten reasons why women stay in abusive relationships |
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Ten reasons why women stay in abusive relationships:
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-1. emotional abuse involves feelings of shame, guilt and low self-esteem
-2. desensitization to violence -3. men who abuse women tend to physically isolate them from others -4. they worry about what people will think -5. they cannot afford to leave -6. believe that children need a father -7. have nowhere to go -8. believe partner will change (honeymoon phase) -9. battered women may fear what might happen to their partner in the criminal system -10. partner may kill/hurt them or their children if they leave -perpetuating system |
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Cycle of Violence
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-1. tension building
-2. the abuse -3. guilt -4. blaming the victim -5. “normalcy” (“honeymoon phase”) -6. fantasy/set-up |
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Incest
-considered sexual abuse of children by a family member or someone with a kinship role in a child’s life |
-molestation – sexual abuse of women; doesn’t necessarily imply rape
-often siblings indulge in relatively normal uncoerced sexual play with each other that disappears over time adolescent symptoms of abuse include eating disorders, psychosomatic complaints, suicidal thoughts and depression |
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Pornography
-involves the sexualization and objectification of women’s bodies and parts of bodies for entertainment value |
many do not oppose it because they perceive it to be an expression of free speech
-others oppose it because they see it as a violation of women’s rights against objectification and sexualization for male pleasure and believe that people’s rights to consume such materials are no longer rights when they violate the rights of others |
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societal institutions – established patterns of social behavior organized around particular needs and purposes
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state – organized to maintain systems of legitimized power and authority in society; an abstract concept that refers to all forms of social policy, the courts and the criminal justice system, the military and the police; because it is a conduit for various patterns of social inequity, it does not always fairly regulate and control social order; it reflects the interests of the dominant groups in society and supports policies that work in their interests and reinforce their power
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government – an institution that makes up the state; creates laws and procedures that govern society and is often referred to as the political system
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14th amendment – “no state shall make or enforce any law which will abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US, nor deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws”
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Equal Rights Amendment – affirms that both men and women hold equally all of the rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution
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main reasons why women still constitute a small number of candidates for local, state and national offices
-conflict between family and work roles -lack of political financing -discrimination and sexist attitudes toward women in politics |
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femme couverte (feme covert) – covered women; husband and wife are one person under law, and she is his sexual property
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alimony – payment that women have traditionally received as compensation for their unpaid roles as wives and mothers; has been reduced or eliminated through legislation since 1970
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Myths: affirmative action does not mean giving preference to any group; it is not reverse discrimination
-affirmative action vs. tokenism – hiring women and minorities for positions that are terminal in terms of advancement to fulfill quotas -affirmative action is not the same as equal employment opportunity – means that all individuals must be treated equally in the hiring process and in advancement once on the job -affirmative action does not mean applying a double standard (one for white males and another for women and minorities); one standard should be applied to all candidates -affirmative action programs are intended to hire the most qualified individuals while achieving equal opportunity for all |
-poverty in the US is powerfully structured by racial and gender inequities; creates a special vulnerability for women with children
-women on welfare hit with triple whammy: -1. they are facing lower-paid work -2. they are mothers that have domestic responsibilities and childcare expenses -3. they are single with only one paycheck |
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welfare involves five major types:
-1. direct grants -2. allowing publicly founded research and development to be used free by private for- profit corporations -3. discounted fees for public resources -4. tax breaks for the wealthy -5. corporate tax reductions and loopholes |
-bootstrap myth – avoids looking at structural aspects of the labor force and social systems that perpetuate classism and instead focuses on the individual
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four ways religion as belief and institutional practice has helped subordinate women
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-1. females are deemed inferior and men not only are seen as superior to women but also closer to God
-2. excludes women from sacred rituals -3. church laws require wives to submit to their husbands, regulate women’s sexuality and create highly defined gender performances for women and men -4. exercises power over women through church and state sanctioned control |
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positive aspects of religion for women:
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-1. provides an environment in which women experience real community with other women
-2. provides women with opportunities for building and exercising leadership skills within religious organizations -3. allows for leadership within the church or religious organization, as well as encourages their participation in various forms of social activism -4. provides a place in which women find a sense of worth as a valued person |
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#103 Real Men Join the Movement (Michael Kimmell)
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-profeminist men are transforming the definition of masculinity
-these men must compete with the familiar whine of men-as-victims and the mythopoetic vision of the men’s movement as a kind of summer-camp retreat -feminism is more than the struggle of half of the population for equal rights; also about rethinking identities, relationships and the meanings of our lives men can be oppressed by race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, age and physical ability, but cannot be oppressed as men -profeminism is about supporting both women’s equality and other men’s efforts to live more ethically consistent and more emotionally resonant lives -why are male profeminists important? -need both sides to make a change -men’s perspective is valuable -creates more of a social movement than an exclusive female group -equality means give and take |
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*1994 Violence against women act - VAWA
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Safe Streets
Safe Homes Civil Rights Equal justice women in courts Rape Shield laws, alleged perpetrator past history into court |
