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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell type that envelops basement membrane of capillaries and maintains blood/brain barrier
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Astrocytes
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These cells proliferate in response to injury to form glial scars
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Astrocytes
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These are myelin forming cells in the CNS
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Oligodendroglia
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These cells line the ventricles and are the precursor to the choroid plexus
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Ependymal Cells
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These are part of the monocyte-macrophage system
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microglia
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Obstruction of the Foramen of Monro will result in
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dilation of the lateral ventricles
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Normal ranges in CSF profile
protein glucose white blood cells |
15-45 mg/dl protein
50-100 mg/dl glucose <10 lymphocytes |
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What is an Ommaya reservoir used for?
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To inject drugs directly into the ventricular system, it is a ventricular catheter
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Difference between non-communicating and communicating hydrocephalus
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non-comm the obstruction of CSF is within the ventricular system
Comm- the obstruction is outside the ventricular system |
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In the rare case of overproduction of CSF the cause is likely
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A choroid plexus papilloma
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A tumor in the thalamus may cause what kind of hydrocephalus
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Non-Communicating, it can compress the 3rd ventricle causing dilation of the lateral ventricles
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Describe hydrocephalus ex vacuo. Is it communicating or non-communicating hydrocephalus
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Compensatory dilation of ventricles in response to loss of tissue volume
(happen in Alzheimer's) communicating |
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Ring-enhancing lesion can be seen in what type of malignancy and isease?
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Glioblastoma a tumor of astrocytes
and brain abscesses of acute demyelinating disease like multiple sclerosis |
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3 causes of hydrocephalus
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overproduction of CSF
Obstruction of CSF flow Defective Absorption by Arachnoid granulation |
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3 types of cerebral edema
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Vasogenic- increased capillary perm
Cytotoxic- intracellular Interstitial- CSF enters extracellular space |
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Monro-Kellie Hypothesis states that
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Intracranial pressure is among parenchyma, blood, CSF
An increase in volume of one component in the brain comes at the expense of the other two |
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Name the 5 major types of herniation
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1- cingulate or subfalcine
2-Uncal or transtentorial 3-Tonsillar 4-Upward 5-Transcalvarial |
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Which type of herniation can cause compression of anterior cerebral arteries
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Subfalcial
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In this type of herniation the medial temporal lobe compresses the occulomotor nerve, cerebral peduncles, and sometimes the PCA
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Transtentorial (uncal) herniation
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Central Herniation is usually a result of what kind of herniation? What structures does it compress? Clinical Signs?
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bilateral transtentorial herniation
compresses the midbrain affects pupillary light reflex |
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Normal intracranial pressure is
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<20 cm H2O
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A linear skull fracture is most commonly
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Temoroparietal where bone is thinnist
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What is a diastatic skull fracture
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fracture that crosses suture lines
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Clinical signs of Base of Skull Fracture
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hemotympanum
CSF otorrhea Eccymosis over mastoid CSF rinorrhea Ansomia |
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Most common area for contusions
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inferior frontal or anterior temporal
brain srikes the spenoid ridge |
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Subdural Hematoma is marked by
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tearing of bridging veins
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This kind of hematoma lies over the surface of the brain
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subdural hematoma
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Laceration of the meningeal artery may produce what kind of hematoma
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Epidural
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In epidural hematoma what can happen to the dura
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arterial blood under pressure strips dura away from skull
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Persistent unconsciousness after injury with no other cause of coma identified on imaging may be due to
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shearing of axons from diffuse axonal injury
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Why is there depolarization in concussion?
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excitatory amino acid mediated ionic fluxes
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On the Glasgow Coma Scale what composite score indicates a coma
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less than or equal to 8
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The ACA may become compressed in what type of herniation
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subfalcine
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The PCA may be compressed in what kind of herniation
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transtentorial
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