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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long ago did birds appear?
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about 150 million years ago
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What eras were birds common?
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Mesozoic and Jurassic era
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What is the closest related species to a dinosaur living today?
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a crocodile
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What are the major differences with a dinosaur and a bird?
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larger brains, spatial patterns
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What is a vermivore? give an example of one.
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a worm-eater, "Bog-sucker"
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How does the "Bog Sucker" do its mating ritual?
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finds short grass (b/c has short feet) turns in quarters and squeaks
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What is special about the perigan falcon?
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swoops down very fast and grabs pigeons
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What bird is known for hitting a window b/c it thinks it sees another one of its kind?
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a Robin
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What is the class for birds?
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Aves
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Describe the bird class.
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has feathers, body is structured for flight, have bills, bipedal
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Describe the feathers of a bird.
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1. Are filamentous, soft in texture, flexible, and lightweight.
2. Dead structures essential for |
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How do birds keep warm?
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fluff feathers
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Describe the bills of birds.
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1. Always toothless
2. Rhamphotheca- bill covered-coat |
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Describe the bones of birds.
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spongy, strutted-strong, and hollow
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Where are some bones fused in a bird.
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head, hand, pelvis and feet
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What does the uncinate process serve in a bird?
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serve to strengthen the rib cage for the stresses of flight and high-grade avian aerobic capacity.
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What does the furcula serve in birds?
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more punch in flight (wishbone) more muscle can attach, ribs are thin and lightweight
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Describe some modifications of a bird.
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wing-highly modified forelimb, enlarged keeled sternum-allows for larger breast muscles-for longer distance flight, for perching birds-feet tightly grib limbs-tendon tightens up and grasps branch
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What is the hallux?
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large opposable toe
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How do birds produce heat in the cold?
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by shivering
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What is the average body temp for a bird?
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40-44 degrees celsius
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how does the physiology of a bird accomadate flight?
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larger mitochondria for converting fat to energy, "slow twitch" fibers-slow contraction, has more myoglobin which hold 02
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What type of birds have more red fibers?
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migratory birds
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What are "fast twitch" fibers and what type of birds have them?
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white fibers, fueled by sugars rather than oxygen, build up lactic acid after extended periods and become exhausted, ground nesting birds have them
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Describe the circulatory and respiratory systems in birds
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designed to deliver fuel and carry off waste; 4 chambered heart
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How to birds respirate?
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: breathe down pushing ribs down-air goes down to rear air sacs-then to the lungs- then to front air sacs-then goes out; one-way breathing system, do not have diaphragm, their ribs expand in and out
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Are birds endothermic or exothermic? why?
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endothermic- warm-blooded
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What fulfills forelimb functions?
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bills
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What are the main characteristics of feathers?
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flight, insulation, + mate attraction, camouflage, water repellency
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Describe the function of red fibers in birds.
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fibers of flight muscles (slow-twitch)-aerobic (O2); fat to energy; sustained flight, heat and shivering
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Which birds are the most advanced in branch grasping?
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passeriformes (songbirds)
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What is the average heart beats for medium sized birds, and the hummingbird?
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220 b/p/m
250, 1250 when flying or foraging |
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What is torpor?
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cold nights, food stress)- heart rate drops to 50 beats per min & temperature to 55 degress F (13 degrees Celsius)
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What are some characteristics of birds.
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produce eggs-requires a lot of energy to produce, vary in size, shape and color,
highly developed in color vision (into near ultraviolet range) hearing is good (encompasses infrasounds |
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How do birds navigate?
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earth's magnetism, olfaction (smell), solar and celestial cues
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What are feathers made of? describe a feather,
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keratin, get damaged regularly, get replaced by one or more molts (up to 4) per year
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Describe the anatomy of a feather.
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calamus-hollow shaft of feather
rachis- rest of the shaft ramus- Each barb consists of a central tapered axis |
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What are the hooks on barbules called? describe them
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barbicels, proximal barbules are curled, which results in interlocking, but flexible surface
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Describe the first plumage?
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natal down (1 or 2 weeks)- from a few scattered feathers to dense fuzzy covering on ducklings
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Describe the 2nd plumage.
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Juvenal plumage (Pennaceous-interlocking)- first flight feathers (wing and tail) appear
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Describe the 3rd plumage.
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adult plumage- some feathers differ from juvenal feathers in color and/or shape
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Describe the basic plumage.
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follows breeding; typically in fall & more drab. Typically a more complete molt: food plentiful, after breeding, before migration
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Describe the alternate plumage.
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breeding colors, considered temporary or “alternate”. Typically in spring and brightest colors. Usually partial feathers. Typically after breeding, a prebasic molt brings the basic plumage and, before next breedind, a prealternate molt brings the alternate plumage.
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What is another name for the American Woodcock?
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"bogsucker" timberdoodle
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Where are oriole nests located?
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in large cottonwoods
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What is the order for perching birds?
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Passeriformes
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Which order is the most advanced of birds?
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Passeriformes- perching birds
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What cellular structure do birds have that have a lot of red fibers?
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larger mitochondria
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What are "slow twitch fibers?
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red fibers that have more myoglobin which hold on to 02 meaning prolonged use of the muscles and longer flight distance
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