Wfb 300 Exam 1

Front 1

How many named species are there on earth today?

Back 1

1.5 to 1.7 million species

Front 2

What is an estimated guess for the amount of species that exist on earth today? How many do most think exist?

Back 2

7-10 million
10-30 million

Front 3

What book written by Linnaeus based on species classification?

Back 3

Systema Naturae
Described all known animals
• Used these Latin polynomials
• By 10th edition (1758), he had shortened these polynomials to two-word Latin names or binomials, which we use today

Front 4

What is systematics?

Back 4

is the study of the
relationships that occur among
organisms and their evolutionary history
(phylogeny)

Front 5

Who wrote the classifcation system and how many taxon are there?

Back 5

Hieracrhy based on work of Karl Von
Linne (Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1778)– a
Sweedish botanist and naturalist.
The system is the Linnaean classification
system
B. The system ranks organisms into seven major levels or taxons

Front 6

What are the major 7 taxons?

Back 6

Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

Front 7

What are the two kingdoms recognized in the 1970's?

Back 7

Plantae, Animalia

Front 8

Now, what are the 5 major kingdoms?

Back 8

Protista, Fungi, Monera, Plantae, Animalia

Front 9

Describe the Monera Kingdom.

Back 9

single, simple-celled organisms with prokaryotic cells (w/o membrane-bound nucleus, mitocondria) – e.g., bacteria, cyanobacteria

Front 10

Describe the Protista kingdom.

Back 10

single, simple-celled organisms with eukaryotic cells (w/ nucleus & mitochondria) –
e.g., protozoa, algae

Front 11

Describe the Fungi kingdom.

Back 11

multicellular, saprophytic decomposers –
e.g., yeasts, mushrooms, mycorrhizae

Front 12

Describe the Plantae kingdom

Back 12

multicellular, photosynthetic
organisms – e.g., plants

Front 13

Describe the Animaliae Kingdom

Back 13

multicellular, heterotrophic
organisms – e.g., animals

Front 14

What are the three other recognized domains?

Back 14

Bacteria-common bacteria, part of organisms from Monera, Archaea- ancient bacteria, contains other parts of Monera, Eukarya-all other organisms, with/membrane bound nucleus

Front 15

What is a species?

Back 15

A. Have a common ancestry (related)
B. And can breed and produce fertile offspring
that resemble the parents

Front 16

What is a species?

Back 16

Breed among themselves in the wild (biological
definition)
• Morphological differences
• DNA differences
• Hybrids

Front 17

What is the morphological species definition?

Back 17

If they look different (according to experts)
then they are two species.
– Fairly functional but there are problems
– Geographical variation can make it difficult

Front 18

What are some of the challenges of studying species?

Back 18

• Endangered Species Act
hybrids, geographical hybrids, geographical
variation, barrier changes, field study variation, barrier changes, field study
conditions. conditions.

Front 19

What are taxonomists?

Back 19

biologists that name species and are experts in species identification

Front 20

How are we doing on naming species?

Back 20

birds, butterflies and mammals- great
tropical beetles, nematodes, soil mites, fungi, bacteria- very poorly

Front 21

What is the binomial system?

Back 21

A. A method developed by Linnaeus
B. Each individual species has its own
unique two-part name (scientific name:
Passer domesticus) which is made up of:
1. The Genus
2. The specific epithet
3. The specific epithet is never written alone.
The species’ name is the binomial

Front 22

What is an epithet?

Back 22

a particular adjective in latin that describes a characteristic of the species

Front 23

For naming a new species what is the binomial followed by?

Back 23

the name of the taxonomist who named the species and the date the species was named

Front 24

Describe the way the bald eagle species is named

Back 24

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Hali- sea, aeetus-eagle, leuco- white, cephalus- head

Front 25

What s the Genus for long-legged species of hares?

Back 25

Lepus

Front 26

What is the Genus for rabbit-like mammals?

Back 26

Leporidae

Front 27

what is the Order for the Pikas, rabbits and hares?
Also the family for the pikas

Back 27

Lagomorpha, Ochontidae

Front 28

What is the class do species with hair and mammary glands called?

Back 28

Mammalia

Front 29

What Phylum do mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish belong in? Why are they similar in this aspect?

Back 29

Chordata, posses a bony cartilaginous endoskeleton

Front 30

What Phyla belong to the Kingdom Animalia?

Back 30

Chordata, Porifera-sponges, Annelida-segmented worms, Arthropida-insects, arachnids, crustaceans

Front 31

How do Orders, families, subfamilies and tribe names end?

Back 31

Orders-end in -a
families end in-idea
subfamliy names end in -inae
tribe names end in -ini

Front 32

What are type specimens?

Back 32

speciemens that are the animals used to originally describe the species, kept in a museum of record

Front 33

What are type species?

Back 33

the species that was used to describe the genus

Front 34

What is Clasdistics?

Back 34

Phylogenetic (evolutionary development of species) systematics, evaluating species relationships with emphasis on evolutionary origin

Front 35

What are "Splitters" and what are "lumpers"

Back 35

splitters- those taxonomists who want to make many diff. subdivisions
lumpers- taxonomists who want to simplify the scheme of taxonomy

Front 36

What is the ITIS?

Back 36

Integrated Taxonomic Information System- authorative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi and microbes

Front 37

What are Herpetofauna?

Back 37

Amphibians (Amphibia) and Reptiles (Reptilia)

Front 38

Describe herpetofauna.

Back 38

ectothermic (cold-blooded), tetrapods (A vertebrate animal with four feet, legs, or leglike appendages); 5500 amphibians species, 8000 reptilian species

Front 39

How many species are fish, mammals and birds

Back 39

fish- 23-25,000
mammals- 4800
birds-9000

Front 40

Describe the benefits of ectothermy for herps.

Back 40

very efficient energy converters- require 3% of food needed by mammals of the same size
use about 50%

Front 41

What are some cons for ectothermy?

Back 41

geographic distribution restricted to warm climates, as ambient temperature drops they slow down- which makes them more vulnerable to predators, less able to catch prey

Front 42

What is the class for amphibians?

Back 42

Amphibia or (Lissamphibia)

Front 43

What does "liss" mean?

Back 43

liss-smooth-scaleless skin; lacks claws

Front 44

What is buccopharyngeal respiration?

Back 44

buccopharyngeal respiration, superficial blood vessels on roof of mouth where gas exchange can occur, some species have a 4th method of respiration; A special sort of breathing used by frogs. Gas exchange occurs directly across the roof of the mouth which is lined with many blood vessels. These blood vessels are able to take up oxygen from the fresh air and get rid of the waste carbon dioxide.

Front 45

Describe the skin of amphibians?

Back 45

permeability of skin to water, high permeability- high rate of water loss, therefore, only active during high humidity and low wind- most active at night, most diverse in moist environments, permits existence in more arid environments-if they exist there-then live underground

Front 46

What does amphibian's middle ears consist of? what about the middle ear?

Back 46

stapes and operculum, papilla basilaris (receives high frequency sound input through the stapes), papilla amphibiorum (receives low frequency sound via the operculum)

Front 47

What are "green rods"?

Back 47

specialized receptor cells found in salamander and frogs, unknown function; sensitive to blue light

Front 48

What are pedicellate teeth?

Back 48

Amphibian tooth structure characterized by a tooth crown (protrudes above gum)that sits on a pedicel (elongated base), with a fibrous connection that separates the crown and pedicel.

Front 49

What are the two types of skin glands amphibians have?

Back 49

mucous glands-secrete mucous to keep skin moist, poison glands-produce toxin of varying potency

Front 50

What is a poison dart frog?

Back 50

toxin from one skin cell can kill 20 humans

Front 51

What is aposematic coloration?

Back 51

Conspicuous, usually bright, “do not attack” warning colors that discourage would-be predators. May signal characteristics that are noxious (bad taste),
poisonous (toxic substance that is harmful if bitten or ingested), or dangerous (e.g., can inject
a venom into predator). Examples include some frogs, some salamanders and newts
(Salamandridae), and coral snakes (Elapidae).

Front 52

Describe amphibian traits

Back 52

1. Are four-legged
2. Have smooth, moist skin
3. Lack scales
4. Toes lack claws
5. Lay shell-less, jelly-covered eggs
6. Usually have an aquatic larval
stage
7. Three-chambered heart – one
ventricle and two atria

Front 53

What are the three orders for amphibia? identify their common names too

Back 53

Caudata- salamanders, Anura- frogs and toads
Apoda- caecillians

Front 54

Describe the Order Caudata.

Back 54

newts and salamanders, occur primarily in NA and temperate Eurasia, 52 species, highest diversity in the mountains,

Front 55

What are the two top families for the Caudata Order?

Back 55

Plethodontidae first,
Ambystomatidae second

Front 56

Describe the morphology and physiology of the Caudata Order.

Back 56

elongated bodies, trunk superficially segmented y costal grooves-used to facilitate water movement, long trunk and tail=thrust, most have 4 limbs, voiceless (use pheromones)

Front 57

Describe reproduction in the Caudata Order.

Back 57

Fertilization mostly internal, external in the hellbender, internal in all others- male has no intromittent organ, deposits sperm on a spermatophore, female clasps sperm packed in cloaca

Front 58

Describe the life cycle locations for the Caudata family.

Back 58

jelly covered eggs in aquatic habitat, larvae in aquatic habitat, adults in aquatic or terrestrial

Front 59

What are some modifications to the Caudata life cycle?

Back 59

3-stage cycle simplified
1. direct development
2. paedomorphis- Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult
3. fourth stage is added- the eft stage in Newts- terrestrial juvenille and aquatic adult

Front 60

What is Paedomorphis?

Back 60

Retention of juvenile characters into adult life. Sirens and mudpuppies are
classic examples and most salamanders retain some juvenile characteristics as adults.

Front 61

Describe the fourth stage in Caudata.

Back 61

aquatic newt larvae transform into non-reproductive terrestrial eft stage
the eft stage can persist for as long as 14 yrs..reproduction occurs after eft stage transforms into aquatic adult

Front 62

What does smaller surface to volume ratio mean for eggs?

Back 62

lower rate of water loss

Front 63

Where is it better for Caudata to live-streams or ponds?

Back 63

streams-more food and higher oxygen concentration

Front 64

What is cutaneous respiration?

Back 64

The skin contains an extensive vascular network of capillaries which allow for gas exchange to take place just below the epidermis. Cutaneous respiration is facilitated by pumping air in and out of the mouth where further respiratory gas exchange can take place. The buccal (mouth) cavity has a highly vascularized membrane system that supplements cutaneous respiration in lungless, gill-less amphibians; three respiratory surfaces, aquatic stage uses gills, terrestrial stage uses lungs-both use skin

Front 65

Describe salamander larvae.

Back 65

similar in body form to juveniles & adults, except for eternal gills and tail fins, strictly carnivorous, develop 4 limbs shortly after hatching

Front 66

What changes take place in a salamander during metamorphosis?

Back 66

resorption of gills and tail fin, close of gill slits, development of stratified epithelium, eyelids & fleshy tongue develop, tooth maturation

Front 67

What are the different type of structures do Caudata respire with? name which ones do which.

Back 67

some have lungs and gills-siresns and mudpuppies, some have lungs and gill-slits-hellbenders and amphium
many lack both and respire by mouth (skin glands and buccopharyngeal)-plethodontids

Front 68

Describe the habitat of the Caudata order.

Back 68

some totally aquatic or terrestrial, many inhabit moist areas and breed in water, some aer arboreal (mainly plethodontids)

Front 69

What family does the hellbender belong to? What order? where is it found?

Back 69

Caudata (Urodela) order, Cryptobranchidae-only in Eastern US

Front 70

What order and family do sirens belong to?

Back 70

Caudata (Urodela) order, Sirenidae- lesser and greater- eastern US

Front 71

What order and family do mudpuppies and waterdogs belong?

Back 71

Caudata, Proteidae

Front 72

What is the order and family for amphiumas? where are they found?

Back 72

Caudata order, Amphiumidae famly (two-toed)-SE US

Front 73

What is the order and family for newts and where aer they found?

Back 73

Caudata, Salmandridae, in NA (eft and newts)

Front 74

Which families are aquatic in the Caudata order?

Back 74

Cryptobranchidae (hellbender), Sirenidae (sirens), Proteidae (mudpuppies and water dogs), Amphiumidae (amphiuma) and Salamndridae (newts and efts)

Front 75

What are the characteristics of aquatic paedomorphic species?

Back 75

reduced eyes, lidless eyes
tail fins
external gills or gill slits
reduced limbs

Front 76

Which Family has the eft stage in the Caudata order.

Back 76

Salamandria

Front 77

Which families are aquatic in the Caudata order?

Back 77

Salamandria, Cryptobranchidae, Sirenidae, Proteidae, Amphumidae

Front 78

Which family lives in fast-flowing streams as adults in the Caudata order?

Back 78

Salamandria

Front 79

Which family deposits their eggs on the underside of leaves of submerged vegetation in the Caudata order?

Back 79

Salamndria

Front 80

Which family has external fertilization in the Caudata order?

Back 80

Cryptobranchidae

Front 81

Which families have lungs and gill-slits in the Caudata order?

Back 81

Cryptobranchidae and Amphumidae

Front 82

Which families live in the Eastern US mostly in the Caudata order?

Back 82

Salamandria, Cryptobranchidae, Sirenidae, Proteidae,

Front 83

Which family lives in streams and can have communal nests in the Caudata order?

Back 83

Cryptobranchidae

Front 84

Which families have lungs and gills in the Caudata order?

Back 84

Sirenidae and Proteidae

Front 85

Which families live in swamps, ditches and slow-moving streams in the Caudata order?

Back 85

Sirenidae and Amphumidae

Front 86

Which family eat algae in the Caudata order?

Back 86

Sirenidae

Front 87

Which families can escape drought conditions in the Caudata order? and how?

Back 87

Sirenidae and Amphumidae- burrowing or secreting a mucous cocoon

Front 88

Which families live in multiple habitats in the Caudata order?

Back 88

Proteidae and Plethodontidae

Front 89

Which family lays their eggs on rocks in the Caudata order?

Back 89

Proteidae

Front 90

Which family eats small verts, amphibians, reptiles and fish in the Caudata order?

Back 90

Amphumidae

Front 91

Which family deposits long string of eggs in mud in the Caudata order?

Back 91

Amphumidae

Front 92

Which family is the most diverse family in the Caudata order?

Back 92

Plethodontidae

Front 93

What is the name of the order and family of lungless salamanders?

Back 93

Plethodontidae, Caudata

Front 94

What families are terrestrial in the Caudata order?

Back 94

Plethodontidae and Ambyostomatidae

Front 95

What family lacks both lungs and gills in the Caudata order?

Back 95

Plethodontidae

Front 96

Which family has species that live in arboreal habitats in the Caudata order?

Back 96

Plethodontidae

Front 97

Which family is the only family that has species in the tropics in the Caudata order?

Back 97

Plethodontidae

Front 98

Which family has webbed feet to prehensile tails and robust to elongated bodies in the Caudata order?

Back 98

Plethodontidae

Front 99

What families had an ancestor who lived in fast flowing streams in the Caudata order?

Back 99

Plethodontidae and Salamandria

Front 100

Which family is underground most of their lives in the Caudata order?

Back 100

Ambyostomatidae

Front 101

Which family has endangered species in the Caudata order?

Back 101

Ambyostomatidae

Front 102

What is the order of frogs and toads, class?

Back 102

Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura (Salienta)

Front 103

Which orders has jelly covered eggs?

Back 103

Caudata, Anura

Front 104

Which order has costal grooves, elongated bodies?

Back 104

Caudata

Front 105

Which order is voiceless and pheromones?

Back 105

Caudata

Front 106

Which order has paedomorphosis and metamorphism?

Back 106

Caudata

Front 107

Which order has cutaenous respiration and a specialized buccopharyngeal respiration?

Back 107

Caudata

Front 108

What order's front end was adapted to absorb shock?

Back 108

Anura (Salienta)

Front 109

What order has no ribs or tail?

Back 109

Anura

Front 110

Which order has an elongated pelvic, projectile or free tongue, has lungs, keen hearing and a well developed vocal apparatus?

Back 110

Anura