Westminster Phys-78 Insulin, Dm

Front 1

2 main pancreatic hormones?

Back 1

insulin & Glucagon

Front 2

Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin and glucagon?

Back 2

islets of langerhans

Front 3

pancreatic cells that secrete digestive jucies?

Back 3

acini

Front 4

islets of langerhans cell types:

alpha?
beta?
delta?

Back 4

alpha-glucagon-25%
beta-insulin/amaline-60%
delta-somatastatin-10%
last 5%-pancreatic peptides

Front 5

what inhibits glucagon secretion?

Back 5

insulin and somatastatin

Front 6

what inhibits insulin secretion?

Back 6

somatastatin

Front 7

insulin causes excess carbs to stored as?

Back 7

glucagon first, then fats

Front 8

insulin synthesis?

Back 8

beta cells-RNA translation by ribosomes attatched to ER-preproinsulin-cleaved to form proinsulin, cleaved by golgi to form insulin

Front 9

is insulin bound or unbound?

1/2 life?

Back 9

almost all unbound

6 minutes (insulinase in liver)

Front 10

insulin receptor?

Back 10

4 units, 2 disulfide linkages

an example of an enzyme linked receptor

Front 11

insulin facilitates the transport of?

Back 11

Glucose
AA's
phosphate ions
K ions

Front 12

During most of the day, what does muscle depend on for energy?

Back 12

FA's

Front 13

Muscles utilize large amounts of glucose on which 2 occasions?

Back 13

during heavy exercise and right after a meal

Front 14

effects of glycogen?

stored mainly where?

Back 14

maintanace of blood glucose?

liver

Front 15

insulin inactivates __________ to allow glycogen storage in the liver?

Back 15

liver phosphorylase

Front 16

insulin increases the action of?

Back 16

glucokinase

Front 17

insulin inhibits ________ in the liver?

therefore insulin promotes the conversion of excess glucose to ____?

Back 17

gluconeogenesis

Fatty acids-trig's-LDLs-blood-adipose tissue-fat (glycerols)insulin

Front 18

the brain does/does not need insulin to utilize glucose?

Back 18

does not

Front 19

long term effect of lack of insulin? 5

Back 19

arthlerosclorosis
increase use of fat for energy
lypolisis fo stored fat
high plasma FFA'a-cholesterol-lipids
low protien (wasting)

Front 20

other effects of insulin? 3

Back 20

promotes FA synthesis/storage
increase the transport of G into the liver cells. (pyruvate-acetyl Coa)
promotes protien formation

Front 21

excess use of fats for energy lead to -------?

Back 21

ketosis, DKA

(high levels of acetoacetic acid =from acetyl Coa, acetone, butyric acid.)

Front 22

what is the primary controller of insulin secretion?

Back 22

blood glucose levels.

Front 23

glucose in the cell?

Back 23

phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase

Front 24

sulfonarhea drugs do?

Back 24

stimulate insulin secretion

Front 25

AA's that stimulate insulin secretion?

Back 25

arginine and lysine

Front 26

diabetes from glucocorticoids stems from....?

Back 26

depletion of the beta cells

Front 27

insulin promotes the use of _______ for energy?

lack of insulin causes ________ utilization?

Back 27

carbohydrates

Fats/protiens

Front 28

glucagon secreted where?


in response to?

Back 28

alpha cells in islets in pancreas.

low blood glucose and increased AA's, exercise

Front 29

Glucagon function? 4

Back 29

-increases blood glucose in response to low levels of G.
-causes glycogenolysis(glycoge to glucose)
-activates adopiose cell lipase (ups FA's)
-prevents liver uptake of triG's

Front 30

glucagon effects? 4

Back 30

increased blood glucose
increased FA'a
increased, CO, squeeze, renal and bile function
inhibits gastric secretions
THE OPPOSITE OF INSULIN

Front 31

AA's that stimulate the secretion of glucagon?

Back 31

alanine and arginine

Front 32

what inhibits glucagon secretion? 2

Back 32

increased blood glucose

somatastatin

Front 33

somatastatin from where in pancreas?

what stimulates it?

Back 33

delta cells, 3min 1/2 life

stimulated by all factors related to eating and food uptake

Front 34

somatistatin effects?

Back 34

inhibitory:

decreased insulin/glucagon

decreased motility, absorption, makes the food stay around longer

Front 35

What process in the liver provides glucose in a fasting state?

Back 35

gluconeogenesis

Front 36

Tissues that don't require insulin for glucose utilization?

Back 36

brain/CNS
retina
germinal epthelium of the gonads

Front 37

Exceseive blood glucose leads to ? 4

Back 37

-osmotic diuresis causing hypovolemia and electrolye deficiencies (>180)
-vascular damage
-artherosclerosis
-nerve damage

Front 38

hallmark signs of DM? 3

Back 38

polyuria
thirst
dehydration

Front 39

DM 1 vs 2?

Back 39

DM1: high G, low insulin

DM2: high G, high insulin

Front 40

metabolic syndrome? 5

Back 40

obesity-belly
hyper G
low HDL's, high trig's
insulin resistance
HTN

Front 41

other causes of DM/insulin resistance? 5

Back 41

polycystic ovary syndrome
cushings
acromegaly

pregnancy
drugs

Front 42

drugs to treat insulin resistance?

Back 42

resistance decrease;
metformin
THIAZOLIDINOINE

sulfonureas (secrete more)

Front 43

signs of hypoglycemia? 3

Back 43

nervousness
sweating
tremor

Front 44

hypoglycemia coma only?

Back 44

no rapid breathing, acetone breath in hypoglycemia coma