Western Pathophysiology

Front 1

What group of patients does Croup affect?

Back 1

Children under the age of 6

Front 2

Viral croup shows what gin on an x-ray?

Back 2

“Steeple sign”

Front 3

What is the major sign and symptom of Epigolttitis, is it a medical emergency, and should you look in patient’s mouth?

Back 3

Drooling, leaning over to breath, Yes it is a medical emergency, and no you should not look in patient’s mouth

Front 4

What sign is shown on an x-ray that suggests the diagnosis of epiglottis?

Back 4

“Thumbprint sign”

Front 5

What is does to protect the airway in regards to epiglottitis?

Back 5

Endotracheal intubation.

Front 6

What bacterium typically causes bacterial tracheitis?

Back 6

Staphylococcus Aureus.

Front 7

What is the definition of Bronchiectasis?

Back 7

Irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree.

Front 8

What does the treatment of bronchiectatis try to control?

Back 8

Infections and bronchial secretions, relieving airway obstruction and preventing complication

Front 9

How often does mild, infrequent asthma occur?

Back 9

>2 x per week

Front 10

How often does mild, persistent asthma occur?

Back 10

Daily and night-time

Front 11

How often does moderate/severe asthma occur?

Back 11

Multiple daily and nightly

Front 12

What is a good indicator that someone does NOT have asthma?

Back 12

Failure to respond to bronchodilators

Front 13

How many stages of acute asthma are there?

Back 13

Four

Front 14

What are the different stages of acute asthma?

Back 14

Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Respiratory Failure

Front 15

What type of meter should you make sure your asthma patient has and is using to monitor their condition?

Back 15

Peak Flow Meter

Front 16

What is defined as a collapsed lung?

Back 16

Atelectasis

Front 17

What syndrome is defined as acute respiratory failure with hypoxemia, decreased lung compliance, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Back 17

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Front 18

What syndrome has symptoms of tachypnea, fever, crackles, reduced lung volumes, and acute respiratory alkalosis?

Back 18

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Front 19

What is also known as whooping cough?

Back 19

Pertussis

Front 20

What highly contagious lung disease is often caused by Bordatella pertussis?

Back 20

Pertussis

Front 21

How is pertussis spread: blood, sex, food-borne, airborne, or zoonotic?

Back 21

Airborne

Front 22

A pnemothorax can be a complication of acute asthma

Back 22

True

Front 23

Prolonged expiration can cause wheezing.

Back 23

True

Front 24

Mild asthma is less than__________x per week.

Back 24

2

Front 25

If a person with a cough doesn't respond to a ___________, then they don't have asthma.

Back 25

Bronchodialator

Front 26

Cyanosis is a symptom of acute_________asthma.

Back 26

Severe

Front 27

Epinepherine may be used to treat asthma.

Back 27

True

Front 28

Peak Flow Meter's monitor___________?

Back 28

Treatment responisveness

Front 29

Cow's milk can aggravate asthma.

Back 29

True

Front 30

Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Effusion/Edema is____________.

Back 30

Referral if the airway is compromised

Front 31

Atelectasis is also known as?

Back 31

Collapsed Lung

Front 32

Chronic Otitis Media is permanent perforation of what?

Back 32

Tempanic Membrane

Front 33

Cholesteatoma is a cyst-like sac filled with ______commonly found in the middle ear &mastoid area.

Back 33

Keratin

Front 34

Otosclerosis is progressive conductive hearing loss, specially for high tones.

Back 34

False

Front 35

Neoplasm symptoms of the ear are __________, __________ , ____________.

Back 35

Tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo

Front 36

Internal ear disorders include Memiere's Disease, Herpes Zoster Oticus, & sudden deafness.

Back 36

True

Front 37

Infectious agents that affect the inner ear are___________.

Back 37

Viruses

Front 38

Excess noise can cause tinnitus.

Back 38

True

Front 39

What is used to diagnose vertigo?

Back 39

MRIs, Cat scans, chem

Front 40

Vertigo is an external ear disorder.

Back 40

False

Front 41

Sudden SOB, dry cough, cyanosis, pain in the chest and back are signs and symptoms of ___________

Back 41

pneumothorax

Front 42

Which lab confirms the diagnosis of a pneumothorax

Back 42

CXR

Front 43

Upper - cough, wheezing/stridor, inability to vocalize, cyanosis if severe, all are s/s of _____________ aspiration

Back 43

foreign body

Front 44

Common choke hazards are _________, _______ and _______

Back 44

balloons, marbles and peanuts

Front 45

Localized lung cavity filled w/pus caused by an infectious organism is _________________

Back 45

Lung abscess

Front 46

Occupational lung disease is called ____________

Back 46

pneumoconiosis

Front 47

Coal workers pneumoconiosis is also called

Back 47

black lung

Front 48

____________ is when fibers reach the aveoli in the lung

Back 48

Asbestosis

Front 49

asbestosis increases the risk of ______________

Back 49

lung cancer (mesothelioma)

Front 50

__________ is inflammation and scarring (nodular lesions) in the upper lobes of the lungs

Back 50

Silicosis

Front 51

Silicosis increases the risk of __________ & __________

Back 51

TB and fibrosis

Front 52

What happens to the bowls due to glucose intolerance?

Back 52

fowl smelling stool

Front 53

What can cystic fibrosis do to bile production?

Back 53

Stops it

Front 54

True or false, cystic fibrosis can cause joint pain?

Back 54

TRUE

Front 55

What is Bronchogenic Carcionoma?

Back 55

Lung Cancer

Front 56

What would you see in an CXR/CT?

Back 56

a nodule

Front 57

What is the lung cancer syndrome?

Back 57

Homers Syndrome

Front 58

What is the treatment for Bronchogenic Carcinoma?

Back 58

Cut it out and radiation

Front 59

Can you treat with herbs?

Back 59

yes

Front 60

What three categories do you assess respiratory emergencies?

Back 60

Respiratory rate/quality, pulse, skin color and tone

Front 61

What is an epiglatitis?

Back 61

Upper airway obstruction

Front 62

What two types of upper airway obstruction are there?

Back 62

a. Mechanical or infectious

Front 63

What are the signs and symptoms of epiglottis?

Back 63

a. Sudden onset
b. Can’t swallow properly
c. Drooling
d. Tripod position
e. Swollen airway
f. Fever/malaise
g. Emergency situation – refer to Emergency Room

Front 64

3. What are the signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis (Allergic Reaction)

Back 64

a. Strange sensations
b. Affected respiration
c. Edema, errythema, allergic dermatitis

Front 65

4. What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?

Back 65

a. Alternate deep and shallow respirations

Front 66

5. How do you treat a tension pneumothorax?

Back 66

a. No treatment - Refer to Emergency Room

Front 67

6. What is a pulmonary embolism?

Back 67

a. Blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, usually occurring when a blood clot from a vein becomes dislodged and blocks the arterial blood supply of one of the lungs.

Front 68

7. What are the signs and symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?

Back 68

a. Sudden Dyspnea
b. Chest pain
c. Low grade fever
d. Cough
e. Tachypnea
f. Tachycardia
g. Tender lower extremity
h. Positive Homan’s sign

Front 69

8. True or False: A CT is the only definitive diagnostic tool to Pulmonary Embolism.

Back 69

a. False – Pulmonary Angiography is.

Front 70

9. When does a pulmonary embolism usually occur?

Back 70

a. Post surgical

Front 71

10. How do you treat State Asthmaticus?

Back 71

a. No Treatment – refer to Emergency Room

Front 72

What is Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilliosis?

Back 72

An allergic reaction to Aspergillous occurring in asmatic patients as eosinophilic pneumonia
Wheezing, prolonged expiration, low grade fever
Systemic Sx include Skin eruptions, arthralgias, mental status change

Front 73

What is the treatment for Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilliosis?

Back 73

"Corticosteroids
"

Front 74

What is Good Pasture’s Syndrome?

Back 74

Hypersensitivity disorder, unknown cause
Rapid destruction of the kidneys and hemorrhaging of the lungs
Antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies with deposition of immunoglobulin and compliment in a linear pattern in the basement membrane of the glomerulus
Causing glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage.
Sx: young man in 20s with severe hemoptysis, dyspnea and renal failure

Front 75

What is checked in the labs for Good Pasture’s Syndrome?

Back 75

Iron Anemia, Hematuria, Proteinuria, A-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in blood, hemosidrin filled macrophages

Front 76

What is Bronchiolitis ?

Back 76

Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages of the lungs

Front 77

List a couple characteristics of Bronchiolitis?

Back 77

Common cause of acute hospital visits in <2yo, esp. in winter
Primarily characterized by wheezing and tachypnea.
Cyanosis and altered mental status are ominous signs of respiratory failure.
S/Sx: 1-2 d. of fever, rhinorrhea, and cough, followed by tachypnea, exp wheezing, and resp distress (nasal flaring, retractions, cyanosis)
Identification of RSV made from nasal swab.

Front 78

Bronchiolitis is diagnosised from what?

Back 78

Asthma

Front 79

How would you treat Bronchiolitis?

Back 79

Administer oxygen.
Conventional treatment often includes albuterol nebulizer, nebulized epinephrine, possible IV fluids, and possible corticosteroids.
Indications for hospitalization include apnea, respiratory distress, hypoxia, and vomiting and/or dehydration. All infants should have follow-up within 24 to 36 hours.
Corticosteroids and bronchodialators have not been very effective.

Front 80

What is Pluerisy and how do you treat it?

Back 80

Inflammation of the pleura, usually producing pleural effusion and stabbing chest pain worsened by respiration and cough. Respiration is rapid and shallow. Breath sounds are diminished.
Characteristic is a pleural friction rub on auscultation, crackles, grating, creaking, leathery sounds, on inspiration and expiration.
TX: treat the cause (infectious, traumatic, asbestos), Wrap the chest, Acetaminophen and NSAIDs

Front 81

How many different infectious disease states are there?

Back 81

7

Front 82

What is atelectasis?

Back 82

A collapsed lung

Front 83

What is Acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 83

Acute respiratory failure with hypoxemia, decreased lung compliance, and non cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Front 84

What is the other name pertussis is known by?

Back 84

Whooping cough

Front 85

What stage does the whooping cough occur?

Back 85

Second

Front 86

What side effect can the cough cause?

Back 86

Vomiting

Front 87

How many day does a cough persist that indicates pertussis?

Back 87

Equal to or greater then 21 days

Front 88

What are the treatments for pertussis?

Back 88

Oil in humidifier, wet socks, steam chest rubs

Front 89

What is pneumonia?

Back 89

An inflammatory illness of the lung

Front 90

What is the most common cause of community-acquired pnemonia?

Back 90

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 91

What in the lungs fill with fluid?

Back 91

alveoli

Front 92

What does a bacterial pneumonia present with?

Back 92

productive cough, fever/chills, dyspnea, chest pain, night sweats

Front 93

THis is a restrictive lung disease presenting with
reduced TLC, increased risk of mesothilioma caused
by asbestos fibers reaching the lung

Back 93

Asbestosis

Front 94

this irreversible Lung condition is characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs resulting in fibrosis and
nodular lesions in the lungs with S/S of SOB
fever and cyanosis. IT is caused by exposure to silica
and seen in miners and sandblasters

Back 94

silicosis

Front 95

Berylliosis and Byssinosis are what kinds of diseases?

Back 95

Occupational Lung diseases

Front 96

What are some symptoms of Sick Building Disease?

Back 96

HA, weepiness, depression, IBS symptoms, fatigue, diffuiculty concentrating

Front 97

artificial dryer sheets, indoor air pollution, toxic mold, and biologival contamination are all part of what
disease?

Back 97

Sick Building Syndrome

Front 98

What is hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

Back 98

inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by hypersenstivity to inhaled
organic dusts

Front 99

Malaise, fever, chills, chest tightness, dyspnea, HA

Back 99

acute hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Front 100

appearing 4-6 hours after an antigen is what condition?
Insidious onset of cough, progressive dyspnea, fatigue
and weight loss indicate which disorder of the lung?

Back 100

Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Front 101

Eosinophilic pneumonia presents as??

Back 101

fever, bronchial asthma, cough, wheezing, dyspnea at rest

Front 102

THis condtion is an allergic reation to aspergillous
and presents with wheezing, prolonged expiration,
and mild fever

Back 102

Allergic Bronchopumonary Aspergilliosis

Front 103

What is forced vital capacity FVC?

Back 103

when deepest breath is taken it’s the volume of air which can be forcibly and maximally exhaled ouf of lungs un more can be expired

Front 104

What is Obstructive lung disease?

Back 104

asthma or COPD

Front 105

What is Kussmauls breathing?

Back 105

regular pattern, moderate or slightly rapid rate. Deep sighing

Front 106

What is inflammation of the epiglottis called?

Back 106

Epiglottitis

Front 107

What are two important symptoms to indicate the patient may have Epiglottitis?

Back 107

drooling, leaning over to breathe (sniffing dog position)

Front 108

On an X-ray, what is a classical sign of epiglottitis?

Back 108

"thumbprint sign"

Front 109

What kind of action is called for if Epiglottitis is suspected?

Back 109

a trip to ER, intubation to protect airway

Front 110

What is the most common cause of Bacterial Tracheitis?

Back 110

Staphylococcus aureus and often follows a recent viral URI.

Front 111

What ages is Bacterial Tracheitis common?

Back 111

Ages 1-6

Front 112

What are 2 symptoms of Bacterial Tracheitis?

Back 112

quick onset of hight fever, toxicity, progressive airway obstruction with a history of viral croup.

Front 113

What is the definition of pneumothorax?

Back 113

the abnormal collection of air between the visceral and parietal pleura that can lead to pulmonary collapse.

Front 114

What is Broncheiectasis?

Back 114

localized, irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree leading to airflow obstruction and impaired clearance of secretions.

Front 115

What are The most common causes of transudative pleural effusions ?

Back 115

left ventricular failure, pulmonary embolism, and cirrhosis

Front 116

What are the most common causes of exudative pleural effusions?

Back 116

bacterial pneumonia, cancer, viral infection, and pulmonary embolism

Front 117

How is pleural effusion diagnosed?

Back 117

Pleural effusion is usually diagnosed on the basis of medical history and physical exam, and confirmed by chest x-ray

Front 118

Pleural Effusion is treated by...

Back 118

Thoracocentesis or chest tube drainage

Front 119

Define cystic fibrosis

Back 119

Autosomal recessive disorder with exocrine gland dysfunction (chloride channels, mucus production) of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure.

Front 120

S/Sx of Cystic Fibrosis

Back 120

Respiratory symptoms include frequent respiratory infections, cyanosis, digital clubbing, cough, dyspnea, bronchiectasis, hemoptysis, and sinusitis
Also GI sx with malabsorption syndromes and failure to thrive...S/Sx: Cough is most common sx--progresses from dry cough to productive cough later in life. Sometimes hemoptysis occurs d/t intense coughing. SOB, exercise intol also seen.

Front 121

How is Cystic Fibrosis treated?

Back 121

TX: bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory, antibiotics, Dnase, gene therapy and lung transplants

Front 122

True or False, bronchioles are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchi?

Back 122

false, alveoli are

Front 123

What does auscultation mean? What does COPD mean?

Back 123

listening to sounds of the lung,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 124

A type of wheeze with a musical high-pitched sound, a wheeze or a stridor?

Back 124

stridor

Front 125

Clicking, rattling or cracking noises caused by the “popping open” of small airways and alveoli collapsed by fluid exudate or lack of aeration during exhalation?

Back 125

rhales, crackles

Front 126

What is the name of a coarse, rattling sound like snoring caused by secretion in bronchial airways called?

Back 126

rhonchi

Front 127

When visceral and parietal pleura become inflamed and roughened, it is called?

Back 127

pleural friction rubs

Front 128

What are the definitions of hemoptysis, cyanosis, and finger-clubbing?

Back 128

coughing up blood, a bluish dis-coloration of skin caused by low hemo-globin in blood, enlargement of terminal digit w/ loss of nail bed angle

Front 129

One of the reasons pleural fluid is analyzed in a lab test is to determine __________ from _________ effusion.

Back 129

exudative from transudative

Front 130

A test used to assess the functional status of the lungs is called?

Back 130

pulmonary function testing spirometry

Front 131

This test determines all of the following except
a) pre-operative evaluation to assess fitness for surgery
b)determine injury from industrial hazards
c)rule out lung cancer
d)determine type of defect present

Back 131

c)rules out lung cancer

Front 132

What does TLC refer to according to the lung volume chart?

Back 132

total lung capacity