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70 Cards in this Set
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increased BUN (blood urea nitrogen); and increased Creatinine indicates
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Azotemia
(decreased GFR) |
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increased BUN & increased creatinine with other clinical ssx & biochemical abnormalities such as: endocrine malfxn, cardiac malfxn, resp malfxn
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Uremia
(azotemia + other clinical ssx) |
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the following clinical ssx indicate? extensive proteinuria;
>3.5g/day of protein in urine; general edema (obvious) hyperlipidemea, lipiduria increased aldosterone |
nephrotic syndrome
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initial clinical ssx of this syndrome are as follows:
slight azotemia slight hematuria no HPT |
the initial stages of nephrotic syndrome
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what is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis (usually in a young person)?
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staph, strep, pneumo
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if BUN is increased, but not creatinine. look for what?
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hemmorage somewhere else in the body (aside from Kd)
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what is anascara?
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bad / massive edema
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the following clinical ssx indicate?
<febrild dxo> hematuria facial edema flank pain pyuria proteinuria (2-3g/day casts (WBC & RBC) Ph is acidic no bacteria in urine |
acute glomerulonephritis
DDx = hematuria, proteinuria, no bacteria in urine |
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which renal diseas develops insidiously / is often discovered later?
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chronic glomerulonephritis
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what are the most common ways to develop pyelonephritis?
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thong, cleanliness, sexual habits, wiping
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what is the microbiological cause of pyelonephritis?
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gram negative bacteria, e. coli
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dark red urine indicates?
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glomerulonephritis
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bright red urine indicates?
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pyelonephritis
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azotemia is seen more often in glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis?
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glomerulonephritis
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what is pyuria?
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urine which contains puss
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what is dysuria?
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painfull urination
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what is hematuria?
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blood in urine
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what is enuresis?
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the involuntary, unwanted release of urine either in the day or at night
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what is oligouria?
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decreased production of urine
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BUN = ?
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blood urea nitrogen
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hyperkalemia/hypokalemia
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increased / decreased potassium in the bloodstream
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hypercalcermia/hypocalcemia
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too much / too little calcium in the bloodstream
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what are the SSx of UTI?
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flank pain, LBP, L4, L5 (sacral area), reproductive involvement is possible, suprapubic region tender (around bladder), painful intercourse, hot to touch
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colicky pain in UTI Ix?
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obstruction
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burning pain in UTI?
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infection
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stabbing pain in UTI Ix?
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acute
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dull achy pain in UTI Ix?
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chronic
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hematuria can indicate what conditions?
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malignancy, infection, obstruction, inflammation
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dark red smoky color to urine Ix?
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glomerulonephritis (azotemia)
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bright red blood in urine Ix?
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poss tumor, UTI, trauma
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nocturia means?
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urination at nightime
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what is the most common solid tumor in childhood?
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Wilm's tumor
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what is the DDx in Wilm's tumor?
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it does not go to bone
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what causes MS?
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demyelation of the nerves
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what are some of the effects of congenital syphillis?
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hutchinson teeth;
8th cranial nerve (deafness); saddle deformity of the nose; bowed legs (tibia, anterior border eaten away). |
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what is the most sensitive test for syphillis?
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VDRL
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what is the most common test for syphillis?
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wassermans
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gonorrhea in women vs men?
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women usually asymptomatic, sex, excercize, menstruation can aggravate (common cause of infertility); men painful urination, muco discharge (rarely causes sterility)
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what is the bacteria that causes gonnorrhea?
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gram negative diplococcus
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what is the bacteria that causes syphilis?
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a spirochette, treponema pallidum
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problem with the posterior column of the spinal chord. dt advanced neurosyphillis causing locomotor ataxia (loose tendon reflexes, lean forward)
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tabes dorsalis
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problem with joints swelling (no pain) dt advanced neurosyphilis
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charcot arthropy
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eye problems dt neurosyphillus irregularly shaped pupil
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argyll robertson pupil
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what is chrptorchidism?
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undescended testicle
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clinically painless enlargement of the testes can indicate what?
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testicular neoplams
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what is prostatitis?
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inflammation of the prostate
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what is BPH?
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benign prostatic hypertrophy
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how does BPH present clinically?
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intermittent interruptionof urinary stream;
always have to pee; nocturia; bladder dist, UTI, infections of Kd |
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what is PSA, what is it used to test for?
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Prostatic Specific Antigen; prostatic carcinoma
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what are the two types of kidney stones?
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renal calculi;
staghorm calculus (megastone entire calocoele/renal pelvis/entire mass of white) |
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what are the signs & symptoms of shock?
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restlessness, anxiety
cold clammy, pale skin rapid thready pulse rapid shallow breathing confusion (glascow scale) hypotention (if BP falls last sign before death) |
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what causes foamy urine?
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proteinuria
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proteinuria can indicate what (4ish)
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nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis
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Wilm's tumor development
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develops in kidney, begins during fetal development;
primary tumor is highly malignant, mesastisizes fast; goes to liver, brain, not BONE!!! it is present at birth |
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Clinical SSx of Wilm's tumor
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abdominal hypertrophy, insomnia, LOA, weight loss, cachexia, prominent ribs, muscle wasting, hematuria, fever of unkown origin, auscultation reveals decreased bowel sounds; percussion reveals dullness, discomfort of palpitation of the kidney
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what is happening in endometriosis, physiologically?
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foci of endometrial tissue locate in the pelvis, ovaries, uterine ligaments, tubes, rectovaginal septum - just about anywhere in the abdominal/pelvic area (although the lungs, heart, lymph can also be involved)
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clinically, how does endometriosis present?
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pain on defecation;
painful intercourse; SEVER dysmenorrhea/pelvic pain; periuterine adhesions |
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what are the three stages of grandmal seizures?
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1. tonic
2. clonic 3. sleep / terminal phase (postictal phase) |
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tonic seizure?
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brief, usually 15 seconds, 'shriek' just before;
entire musculoskeletal system contracts; pt voids, defecates |
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clonic seizure?
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1-2 min average;
violent, random muscle activity; altered contraction/relaxation |
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postictal phase (sleep/terminal) of seizure?
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gradually return to consciousness, varies in length;
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general sign of CNS involvement;
Lethargy & or Confusion (both reflect a level of deviation from normal; Glascow coma scale = oriented to time/person/place Is What State? |
Consciousness
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more serious, significant;
pt in a sleep like state - cannot maintain consciousness; can be roused from state under stimuli, but consciousness only maintained with stiumulus; |
Stupor
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part time stuporous, part time oriented x 3 (person, place, time)
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Semi - Stuporous
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sleeplike, but person cannot be roused to consciousness by external stimuli;
various depths of comatose state |
Comatose
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which seizure is this:
short duration of LOC (2-10 sec); little if any motor activity; self-resolving - most in childhood, gone by adulthood |
Petit Mal Seizures
(short duration) |
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which seizure is this:
found resulting from diagnosable brain lesion of some type; leg or extremity will seize - may start focally and spread, or may be isolated; no LOC |
jacksonian (focal) seizures
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what seizure is this:
duration midway between petit & grand mal; few seconds to minutes; unconscious; no convulsions, but Loss of control; repetitive non menaingful movements; characteristic 'shriek' prior to |
psychomotor seizure
(half & half) |
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what is a drop attack?
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pain that is so rapid, it causes knees to give way and patient collapses as if hit, shot, ect...
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what are the two types of infarctions?
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thrombosis & cerebral embolus
(clot obstruction, & clot that travels to the brain) |
