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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name 3 types of carbohydrates.
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starch
cellulose (fiber) sugar |
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name four reasons carbs are important
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provide energy for brain and RBCs
required for fuel storage (glycogen) good source of fiber rich source of phytonutrients and antioxidants |
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what is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?
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simple: refined (simple sugars). part or all of the germ and fiber have been removed. quick fuel
complex: long chains of monosaccarides, disaccarides, natural fibers. takes time to digest. higher levels of nutrients. |
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what is glycolosis?
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two sugar molecules are broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules that enter the mitochondria for further breakdown to yield ATP.
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what is the difference between whole grains and refined grains?
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refined grains have had the bran and often the germ removed from them and are less nutritious.
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what does the bran of a piece of grain contain?
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fiber
B vitamins fats minerals protein |
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what does the germ of a piece of grain contain?
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protein
fat A,B, and E vitamins |
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what does the endosperm of grain contain?
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complex carbohydrates
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name four types of whole grains
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amaranth
corn buckwheat kamut |
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name 3 monosaccarides
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glucose
galactose fructose |
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what does chyme do?
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influences secretion of gastrin which causes parietal cells to release HCL
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name two things that cause gastrin secretion
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alcohol
coffee |
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name two things that influence HCL secretion
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stomach distension
thinking of food |
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what does HCL do?
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kills parasites, bacteria, viruses
aids in protein digestion digests B12 helps mineral absorption |
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what blocks HCL?
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acid blocking medications
patient is more apt to diseases |
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what are the three stomach compounds?
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pepsinogen
gastric lipase mucous |
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what does pepsinogen do?
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is activated by HCL to form pepsin
pepsin helps protein digestion |
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name the enzymes for protein, carb, and fat digestion.
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protein: typsin and chymotrypsin (proteases)
fat: lipase carbs: amylase |
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what are the four fat soluble vitamins?
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ADEK
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what are the two water soluble vitamins?
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BC
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where does fiber come from?
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plant parts that can not be broken down
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name four reasons fiber is important?
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satiety
dilutes intestinal toxins regulates bowel function provides fuel for colonic bacteria |
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average fiber intake versus recommended?
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average: 12 g/day
recommended: 35 g/day |
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what are the two types of fiber?
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soluble
insoluble |
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what does soluble fiber do?
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slows upper GI transit time
increases satiety decreases glucose absorption rate lowers cholesterol |
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name three examples of soluble fiber.
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fruit
oats bran barley |
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what is insoluble fiber?
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adds bulk to stool
decreases transit time in LI stimulates gut motility fuels colonic bacteria |
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name three sources of insoluble fiber.
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psyllium seeds
cellulose stems of plants (lignin) |
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adverse effects of fiber?
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phytic acid and oxalates can decrease mineral absorption--soak grains and cook at high heat.
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what does glycemic index mean?
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rate at which blood sugar rises after ingestion of particular foods in equivalent to amount of pure glucose.
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what are some low glycemic index foods?
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multi grain bread
whole grain bread yogurt chocolate milk cherries grapefruit |
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what do low glycemic foods do?
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help people lose/manage weight
improves diabetes management by increasing insulin sensitivity reduces the risk of heart disease manages PCOS symptoms prolongs physical endurance keeps fuller longer |
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what is a high GI index?
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anything above 70
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what is a low GI index?
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anything below 55
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what diseases can low glycemic diets help?
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diabetes type II
obesity CVD hypertension syndrome x |
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what is the definition of glycemic load?
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a foods glycemic index AND it's carbohydrate content
GL/100 x available carbs in typical serving`` |
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what is a high glycemic load?
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anything above 20
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what is a low glycemic load?
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anything below 10
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name some low glycemic index foods.
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watermelon
white bread tomato juice apples carrots |
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what is deamination?
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nitrogen removal from amino acids--the resulting carbohydrate can be used for energy
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what are the functions of proteins?
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anabolic--build muscle and tissue
energy source insulin transports glucose maintains homeostasis enzymes increase rate of chemical reactions in body |
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what is the veggie/protein breakdown recommendation for one's diet?
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80 percent vegetables
20 percent proteins |
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what are amino acids?
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substrates for protein construction
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what is a polypeptide?
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chain of amino acid
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what type of bond is created between amino acids?
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peptide bonds
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what group of amino acids does not have the same structure as the rest?
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R-group
the R-group determines the fucntion of the amino acid |
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what are non-essential amino acids?
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carbohydrates are converted to amino acids by adding NH2
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where are non-essential amino acids made?
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can be made in the body
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what is the order of protein breakdown?
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physical breakdown starts in mouth
enzymatic breakdown starts in stomach using HCL to break peptide bonds final breakdown is in small intestine |
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what is wrong with eating only one kind of vegetable?
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it may not provide enough of a single amino acid substrate for protein synthesis
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recommended protein intake?
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infants: 10 g/day
men: 56 g/day women: 46 g/day |
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what is ketosis?
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the metabolic state the body enters when carbs are restricted--the body burns it's own fat for fuel
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what are carbon fragments that the result of the breakdown of fat stores called?
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ketones
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name four concerns with high protein diets.
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kidney failure
high cholesterol osteoporosis kidney stones cancer |
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what is the breakdown process of fats?
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broken down from stomach to duodenum and then reformed in mucous membranes of intestinal villi to enter the lymphatic system
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name four functions of fat
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energy
physical protection maintain body temperature transports fat-soluble nutrients regulates stomach emptying |
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what two enzymes break down fat in the mouth?
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lingual lipase and gastric lipase
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where does the major fat breakdown occur in the body?
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small intestine
--breaks down by using bile salts released in response of chyme reaching duodenum |
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what do bile salts do?
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break down fat into water soluble micelles
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what breaks down micelles?
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pancreatic lipase breaks micelles down into free fatty acids that can enter the blood stream
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what are triglycerides compose of?
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3 fatty acids
1 glycerol molecule |
