Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a common type of cell death after exogenous stimuli. Two essential processes bring about the change: enzyme digestion of the cell and denaturation of protein, such as the result of myocardiac infarction. caused by external factors; premature death of cells and tissue
|
necrosis
|
|
all normal cells have a life span and programmed to die naturally; responsible for some physiologic events, such as endometrium in uterus during the menstrual cycle, or pathologic events like the change of liver cells in viral hepatitis; programmed cell death
|
apoptosis
|
|
refers to an increase of size of cells
|
hypertrophy
|
|
constitutes an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
|
hyperplasia
|
|
a reversible change of adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
|
metaplasia
|
|
2 types of wound healing
|
primary union & secondary union
|
|
a best example is the clean surgical incision of the skin, in which there is minimal tissue damage and the edges are closely approximated by tape or sutures. In about 2 weeks, the incision may appear well healed, but it may take a month or more for the strength of the scar tissue to equal that of the original tissue.
|
primary union ( a type of wound healing)
|
|
when there is more extensive loss of cells and tissue, as occurs in infarction, or inflammatory ulceration, the wound cannot be completely replaced by the original architecture. abundant granulation tissue grows to complete the repair and formats large scar. sometimes the skin may need to be grafted
|
secondary union (a type of wound healing)
|
|
a protective response to the cell injury
|
inflammation
|
|
local clinical features of inflammation (5)
|
1. warming
2. swelling 3. pain 4. redness 5. functional disturbance |
|
the immediate and early response to an injurious agent
|
acute inflammation
|
|
may results from persistent infection, prolonged or reoccurent exposure to inflammatory agents, or autoimmune reaction.
|
chronic inflammation
|
|
a large number of neutrophils infiltration usually in what kind of inflammation?
|
suppurative / purulent inflammation
|
|
Do these types of cells have the ability of regeneration?
epithelial tissue, fibrous tissue, fat tissue, bone and cartilage, vessel, muscle, peripheral nervous tissue |
yes
|
|
Do these types of cells have the ability of regeneration?
nervous cells in brain and spinal cord |
no
|
|
the condition of a clot formed in the blood vessel
|
thrombosis
|
|
the condition of a clot in the cardiovascular system that may be detached and carried in the circulation
|
embolism
|
|
What disease will have an increase in immunoglobulin?
|
chronic infection
|
|
the elevation in what class of immunoglobulin is seen in parasitic disease?
|
IgE
|
|
the elevation in what classes of immunoglobulin are seen in multiple myeloma?
|
IgG, IgA, or IgD
|
|
an immediate immune reaction occurs within minutes of exposure to the causative antigen, the reactions are mediated by IgE class antibodies. The main effects are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, edema, bronchospasm, and hyper secretion by the bronchial mucous glands.
|
Type I (anaphylactic) hypersensitivity
|
|
allergic rhinitis can show what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
|
Type I (anaphylactic)
|
|
bronchial asthma can show what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
|
Type I (anaphylactic)
|
|
some drugs that induce shock can show what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
|
Type I (anaphylactic)
|
|
type of cell mediated immune response to viruses, fungi, and certain bacteria. T lymphocytes rather than antibodies are responsible for the tissue injury
|
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
|
|
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in tuberculosis?
|
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
|
|
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in contact dermatitis?
|
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
|
|
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in chronic graft rejection?
|
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
|
|
HIV infection 1st attacks what kind of lymphosil?
|
helper T lymphocytes
|
|
Some cancers require hormones for their growth and are called hormone response. Such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. some medicines or removal of testis can block the stimulation of sex hormones. corticosteroids also inhibit the growth of many malignant tumors, especially tumors of the lymphatic system.
|
hormone therapy (for malignant therapy)
|
|
the nonspecific agents include interferon, interleukin-2, transfer factor, thymosin, etc. which either stimulate cells of the immune system or act against the tumor cells. specific _______ targets the patient's own tumor cells to attack, the approaches are still under clinical observation
|
immunotherapy (for malignant therapy)
|
|
a disease resulting from a chromosome abnormality or a defective gene, which is genetically transmissible, passed from parent to offspring in the reproductive cells
|
hereditary disease
|
|
any disorders involving the genes, they are not always passed from parent to offspring in the reproductive cells
|
genetic disease
|
|
or malformation, refers to any abnormality that is present at the time of birth
|
congenital disease
|
|
defect of the hereditary disease Down syndrome:
|
presence of an extra chromosome on chromosome 21 per cell (trisomy 21)
|
|
defect of the hereditary disease Fragile X Syndrome
|
a defective gene on the X chromosome, a small portion of the tip of the X chromosome sems susceptible to breakage
|
|
defect of the hereditary disease Klinefelter's syndrome
|
extra sex chromosome is present (karyotype 47, XXY), their are two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome
|
|
defect of the hereditary disease Turner's syndrome
|
one of the sex chromosomes is missing (karyotype 45, XO), patient has 45 chromosomes, with only one X chromosome
|
|
defect of the hereditary disease sickle cell anemia
|
abnormal sickle hemoglobin, if both alleles of a pair are fully expressed in heteroxygous state
|
|
defect of the hereditary disease phenylketonuria
|
a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
|
|
defect of the hereditary disease hemophilia
|
deficiency of different plasma clotting factors
|
|
what type of hereditary disease can be treated by diet control?
|
phenoketonuria (restricting intake of phenylalanine from food)
|
|
what 2 hereditary diseases can be treated with sex hormones?
|
Turner's syndrome & Klinefelter's syndrome
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
slow growth rate |
benign
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
infiltration character of growth |
malignant
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
expansion character of growth |
benign
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
tumor is spread localized |
benign
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
tumor spreads through metastasis |
malignant
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
cells are well differentiated |
benign
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
cells are poorly differentiated |
malignant
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
necrosis and bleeding is rare |
benign
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
necrosis and bleeding is common |
malignant
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
recurrence is rare |
benign
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
recurrence may happen |
malignant
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
may cause many complications and threaten life |
malignant
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
local compression and obstruction |
benign
|
|
(benign tumor or malignant tumor)
has capsule |
benign
|
|
any malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium
|
carcinoma
|
|
a general term referring to a malignant tumor arising from primary tissues other than surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium
|
sarcoma
|
|
applied to any neoplasm of blood formed tissues
|
leukemia
|
|
what type of malignant tumor has the highest survival rate?
|
thyroid cancer
|
|
what type of malignant tumor has the lowest survival rate?
|
pancreatic carcinoma
|
|
risk factors for breast cancer (8)
|
1. older age
2. positive family history 3. early menarche 4. late menopause 5. first term pregnancy after age 25 yrs 6. nulliparity 7. use of exogenous estrogen in menopause women 8. expose to radiation |
|
risk factors for prostate cancer (5)
|
1. increasing age
2. positive family history 3. high fat diet 4. high mean testosterone level 5. black race |
|
patients less than 65 years old without metastases should undergo ________ of prostate
|
surgical removal
|
|
elderly patients with prostate cancer without metastasis may select _____ therapy and ______ therapy.
|
radiation or hormone therapy
|
|
for metastatic patients with prostate cancer, _______ therapy (sometimes plus ______) should be given
|
hormone therapy (sometimes plus chemotherapy)
|
|
2 therapies for metastatic breast cancer patients
|
chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy
|
|
breast cancer patients with small tumors undergo what therapy?
|
lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy and hormone therapy
|
|
breast cancer patients with larger tumors or more than two tumors with positive axillary lymph nodes
|
mastectomy followed by chemotherapy
|
|
pathology of prostate cancer
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
more than 90% of carcinoma from breast cancer are called:
|
ductal carcinoma
|
|
the rest of the types of breast cancer (least amount) are designated:
|
lobular carcinoma
|