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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is Homer?
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he wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey (great greek epics). He taught values of courage and honor/pursue excellence/important ideals
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Who is Achilles?
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the hero in the illiad. He was greeks best warrior and known as invincible. his mother was a goddess and she dipped in him the river holding him by the ankle, so his ankle was his only weak spot (achiles...) he died from a poisoned arrow in his heel
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Who is odyssues?
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greek hero in the odyessy. goes through many trials to get home to his wife.
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Who is Herodotus?
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wrote "persian wars" the first real history in western civ and traveled and questioned many people about it
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Who is plato?
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he was socrates pupil. greatest philosopher of western civ. wrote a lot. he wrote a lot about reality, how do we know what is real?
He founded the Platonic Academy and taught young men the ideas of socrates. he taught the Idea that there are two worlds, an imperfect world and a perfect world. and that the soul has three parts,moral appetite and reason. |
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who is socrates?
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a philosopher. he discipled plato. his teaching was free. he never wrote down anything and plato wrote down most of his teachings, that is how we know. the socratic method is asking questions. he taught to know thyself...he was arrested and charged for corrupting the youth
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who is aristotle?
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he was a Materialist( didn’t deny there is another world but didn’t concern with it). he questioned why things in this world are the way they are. he concludes the earth is the center of the universe and is wrong. he came up with the emperical method which is...Studied, not just thought. Came to conclusion based on information he thought about to come to conclusion .and he taught the golden mean, to not live your life in excess ex:give but dont give away all...he says women are nothing but failed men
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term: Minoan civilization
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on island of crete, rich and flourishing society. their writing is called linera A and the code has never been broken. the palace at knossus is the biggest building uncovered there. their civilization was peacful and wiped out suddenly
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term: mycenaean civilization
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• Invaders that came in from the north. Spoke greek. Very warlike. Celebrated bravery, great warriors, honor. Woman were inferiror. Not interested in philosophy and art. their • Government was kingdoms, constantly at war with each other (Sparta, Athens, Corinth…).....• Trojan War…long time thought was a myth. Heinrich searched and searched for years and found troy and found it….there were 9 cities built on troy one destroyed in what to be known as Trojan war. ..Helen caused the Trojan war.
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heinrich schleimann
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discovered the mycenaean society
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term: iliad and odyssey
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epic greek poems by homer
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term: polischeck on
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a city state
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term: phalanx
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rectangular formation very hard to break down
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term: hoplites
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find
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term: helots
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find
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term: oligarchy
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ruled by an elite group of people
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term: Knossus
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palace in minoan civilization. greatest building discovered there
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term: sophists
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Taught you how to be a success in Athenian society. most were skeptics
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term: battle of marathon
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against all odds the greeks smashed the persians. After the battle a shoulder ran 26 miles to the battle field to Athens (nude) to tell the council they won
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term: ostracism
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a formal process of shunning someone...Once a year put name of someone you feel is a danger to the state on a piece of pottery. If you had enough votes (6000) you were ostracized from the city for ten years
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term: persian wars
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persia was the biggest empire...emperor darisu invades, battle of marathon greeks win...then xerxes invades, cuts of persian navy and greeks win
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term: peloponnesian war
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sparta vs athens..because spartans didnt want to go into the delian league. athenians remained behind athens walls with navy suopport. sparta attacked...it was 27 years long and sparta won and tore down city walls
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term: delian league
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after defeat of the persians, athens provided a new leadership against persians- dominated by athenian... An alliance system the Athens ordered other citystates to belong to.
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term: socratic method
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question and answer...technique, see things for self using reasoning. real knowledge is in each person
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term:oracles
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told predictions about the future
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what role did geography play in determining greek civilization?
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the mountainous terrain isolated the greeks from one another, and was along the seaside so they had seafaring colonies
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what were chief characteristics in athenian society?
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-unified polis
-became the biggest citystate in greece -democracy |
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what were chief characteristics in sparta?
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-didn't have colonies, conquered surrounding cities and caprtured people
-all males were warriors -when born the elders decided if baby lived or died -trained to be warrior from boyhood -men didnt live with wife -run by two kings |
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what were chief characteristics of greek religion?
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-connected to every aspect of daily life
-gods provided structure -12 olympian gods o No specific founder o No single sacred book o No formal priesthood o No definitive ethical code o Not salvation oriented |
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king philip of macedon
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defeated the greeks and established control over the greek peninsula...• He conquers all of Greece not Sparta (he wanted to conquer the Persian empire but got killed so couldn’t)
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alexander the great
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king philip's son. inherits his fathers power in greece when he dies. he led the macedons and the greeks to conquer persian empire. in the battle at issus he wants to kill the perian king darius, but darius runs away. he fights darius again, and someone else kills him...alexander is ruthless and not a nice person
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aristarchus of samos
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find
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euclid
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elements of geometry...???
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archimedes
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comes up with spheres and cylynders establishing pi...pully and irigation systems
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eratosthenes
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determined the earth was round and calculated circumference
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epicurus
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established a school in athens. didn't deny existence of gods but says they dont play an active role in this world
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zeno
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taught at public colonade...taught stoicism
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term: mystery religions
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could pursue a path to salvation and acheive eternal life by being initiated into a union with a savior god or goddess who had died and risen again
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term: stoicism
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most popular in hellenistic world. happiness could be found only in virtue
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nature of hellenistic government??
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4 kingdoms..monarchies...after alexanders death..fostered trade and economic development
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term: hellenistic era
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series of kingdoms that blended the eastern world with greek culture
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term: epicureanism
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taught happiness could be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure (intellectual)
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nature of hellenistic religion
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greek god's spread, but there was a decline. mystery religions big.
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status of jews in the hellenistic world
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monotheistic/exclusive...hellenistic monarchs were tolerant of all religions. but tried to take temple. jews recaptured the temple and this is what hanakkuh celebrates. jews believed in yahweh
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nature of alexander the great's conquests
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never lost a battle. burned down citites and sold people into slavery. ruthless.
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term: alexandria
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find more
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aristarchus of samos
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find
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hannibal
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o One of carthrages greatest generals
o Struck back, starting the second punic war, after romans encourage sain to revolt against carthage o Killed himself “let us free rome of her dread of one old man” |
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cincinnatus
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o Chosen dictator to defend rome against attacks from aquei. He defeated them and returned home in 15 days
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pompey
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part of the first triumvirate...need more
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julius caesar
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dictator of rome. need way more
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crassus
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part of first triumvirate...o Given a command in Syria
o Put down a major slave rebellion o Richest man in rome |
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marc antony
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caesars allie and assitant in the east...need more
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cleopatra
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o Allied with antony when antony and Octavian had conflict...need more
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octavian
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o Caesars heir and grandnephew, took hold of west...need more
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romulus and remus
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find who they are
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term: consuls
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in the roman republic. there are two, most prestige title, but only for one year so they don't get too powerful. elected by the senate
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term: aediles
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romans republic...• responsible for public games and poor people had bread
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term: senate
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roman republic...• starts wit only 300 men, by the time of Julius Caesar 900
• toga with purple band • usually for life |
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term:1st punic war
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• Romans decided to intervene in a struggle between Sicilian cities by sending an army to sicily
• Romans fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy off sicily and war ended |
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term: tribune
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roman republic...• Protectors of the plebian class
• Make sure the lower class didn’t have their rights violated |
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term: patricians
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o Class in Rome that consisted of families that decended from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings
o Aristrocratic governing class |
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term: plebians
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o Consisted of larger “independent, underprivaled, poorer, and vulnerable” men, merchants, small farmers..
o Did not posses same rights as patricians |
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term: 2nd punic war
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• Carthargininans reorganized because they realized defeating romans on land was needed for victory
• Romans encourages carthrages Spanish allies to revolt and Hannibal struck |
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term: 3rd punic war
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• rome defeats carthage easily
• sells suriviors to slavery • tears down walls |
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term: carthage
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o Where the punic wars were.
o North arfica o Largest and richest state in the area |
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term: paterfamilias
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o Dominant male in a family
o Exercised authority being better than woman like they needed guardians |
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term: latifunda
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o Large estates where slaves worked in hug gangs
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term: etruscans
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o Initial development in rome mostly influenced by them
o Dominant cultural force in many areas o Conquered by romans |
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term: gaul
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o Where caesar was granted a special military command in gaul
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term: the twelve tribes
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o Ten men who were responsible for codifying rome’s laws
o The first formal codification of roman law and customs o Inscribed on bronze plaques |
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term: first triumvirate
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o Caesar, crassus, and pompey
o Had enormous military and political power o Coalition |
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term: battle of actium, 31 bc
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o In Greece
o Octavians forces smashed the army and navy of antony and Cleopatra, they both fled to egypt |
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term: etruscans
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o Initial development in rome mostly influenced by them
o Dominant cultural force in many areas o Conquered by romans |
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term: gaul
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o Where caesar was granted a special military command in gaul
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term: the twelve tribes
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o Ten men who were responsible for codifying rome’s laws
o The first formal codification of roman law and customs o Inscribed on bronze plaques |
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term: first triumvirate
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o Caesar, crassus, and pompey
o Had enormous military and political power o Coalition |
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term: battle of actium, 31 bc
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o In Greece
o Octavians forces smashed the army and navy of antony and Cleopatra, they both fled to egypt |
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characteristics of roman religion
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o Focused on worship of patheon gods and goddesses including Jupiter
o Community adopted new deitys o Humans were thought to be totally dependent of gods |
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nature of roman religion at the time of christ
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official state religion, and civic duty..polytheistic..gods were like god and like man.
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nature of slavery in roman world
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o Heavily relied on slave labor
o Every house had 1 or two o Wealthy had many slaved o Slaves were a sign of status |
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key aspects of the roman family
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o Arranged marriages
o Woman seen as infrerior o Married around 14 |
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emperor dicletian
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he restores stability to rome and ends political chaos. to try to end the sucession problem he divides the empire, and elects a coemperor...he thought there was too many christians and it was bad for hte empire and starts to kill them
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constantinople
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becomes the new rome
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constantine
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comes after diocletian..o Fighting a civil war to beome emperor (he heard a voice saying ye shall conquer) he won and he became sole emperor of the empire...
he issued the idict of milan stating that christianity was legal. the last great emperor |
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st benedict
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communial monestary. moderation and stability.
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st anthony
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most famous one...moremoremore
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tertullian
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whats athens got to do with jerusalem?...basically only believed in the bible not ancient philosophy
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jerome
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translates the bible into the latin vulgate...thinks its okay for christians to read nonchristian works like plato
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augustine
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wrote confessions...an autobiography about how he found salvation...he stressed three key terms • sharp contrast in spiritual and material world
• had a lowly view of mankind • no one deserves salvation • obsession with the dangers of sex and being chast. No one can overcome temptation without divine intervention |
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what are the 4 main ages of roman empire?
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pax romana, crises of 3rd century, temporary renewal:dicletian and constatine, and he decline and fall
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EMperor THeodosius
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o Christianity decreed only legal religion in roman empire—380
o Why was this a mixed blessing? • They aren’t becoming Christians voluntarily, it is a forced religion by the state • Emperor interferes…conflict of church and state |
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CLovis
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german king of the franks. converte to christianity.after his death his sons divided up the frankish kingdom and fusion declined
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pope gregory the I
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as pope he took charge of rome and surrounding area, made it into the papal states.he okayed a prominent role in civilizing the germans and aiding emergence of a disticly new european civilization
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justinian
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emperor of the eastern roman empire. his most important contribution was his codification of roman law, which eventually became the basis of the legal system of all of continental europe
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term: ostrogoths
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the ostrogothic kingdom of italy managed to maintain roman tradition of governement. but the ostrogoths had thei own law and customs and officials.
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term: lombards
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invaded after the ostrogoths and conquered most of northern and central italy. they were harsh rulers who cared little for roman sturctures and traditions like the ostrogoths did
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term: visigoths kingdon of spain
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a lot like the ostrogoths is italy...favored coexistence of roman and german populations, maintained roman structure of government but excluded romans from power. had no way to choose new rulers, so powerful visigoths fought for kingship...muslims eventually invaded
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term: kingdom of the franks
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clovis king.
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term: bishops (diocese)
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•apostolic sucession
• claimed to be the spiritual decendents of christs original apostle • A super important bishop…diocese is the area they precede over • Supervises priests to make sure they are doing their job and teaching true doctrine • Supervised money |
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term:edict of milan
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constantine issued this in Milan Christianity will not be persecuted, that it is legal religion
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principate
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the system of rule augustus established conveying the idea of constitutional monarch as co-ruler of the senate
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princeps
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chief citizein or first among equals of the principate
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praetorian guards
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9 cohorts of elite troops roughly 9000 men had the important task of guarding the person o the princeps
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aeneid
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greatest work in honor of augustus. An epic poem by virgil clearly meant to rival the work of homer. All about aeneis and how he survives troy and starts the roman civilization
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mithraism
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most popular/important mystery cult. Mithrus was chief angent. Had many practices that parallel to Christianity.
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what is meant by "classical" civilization, and what were the major contributions of the greeks to western civ?
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it is classical because a lot of things from their civilization we still see today. the major contributions are: individualism, glorification of humanity, rationality, pursue of excellence, willingness to change, aesthetics
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how did geography affect the development of the greek civilization?
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They were not unified into one big state…greeks left Greece to make colonies, influenced colonization. They were isolated by a lot of mountains
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what were the key characteristics of the five main eras of greek history? which were the most important in affecting civilization?
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Bronze Age: Minoan and mycenean civilization
Dark Age:composition of illiad and odyssey, beginnings of greek colonization, emergence of the polis system archaic age: emergence of philosophy, drama, lyric, poetry, greek architecture orders and the olympics, continued greek colonization classical age: persian wars, golden age of athens under pericles, peloponnesian war, late classical era-various city states try but fail to dominate greece hellenistic age:conquest of greece by phillip of macedon, conquest of much of asia by alexander the great, fragmentation of alexanders empire and rule by hellenistis successor kings, conquest of hellenistic states by rome. classical and hellenistic ages most important because they influenced the rest of history the most it seems |
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what was the greek polis and what were the main diffrences between the two most influential city states-sparta and athens?
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the polis was city states. sparta was warlike. they did not have colonies they just conquered the people around them. the people they captured were called helots. they had two kings, one to stay and one to go to war. they used the phalanx (a rectangular formation for war)
athens were more peaceful. they became the biggest city state in greece. they ran with a democracy and the council of 500. but if you had enough votes you could be shunned from the city (ostrasized) |
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what was the signifigance of the persian wars and the peloponnesian war in shaping greek history? what brought an end to the classical greek city-state system?
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greece beats persia in the persian wars at thebattle of marathon. then in the peloponessian war, the spartas dont want to be in the delian league so tey fight. they take down athens and tear down the walls. they dont care about greek culture so this is what brought an end to the greek city-state system. a few years later macedon conquers greece
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what was the signifigance of alexander the great, and what were the cheif characteristics of the hellenistic age that followed his death?
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alex was philip of macedon's son and inherits his power in greece when he dies. he was mean. when they city of thebes revolted he burned their city down and sold their people into slavery. He wanted to invade the persian empire and tried to fight darius (the emperor of persia) in the battle of issus but darius ran away! he then goes to egypt and the see him as a god. he fights darius again a few years later and he runs away again and his own officer kills him. he traveled over 22000 miles and never lost a battle. some historians see him as a visionary some see him as ruthless...he successfully conquested much of asia
alexander created the hellenistic age. hellenistic means to imitate greeks. this age saw the extension of greek language and ideas in a non greek area. his successors used force to establish military monarchies. |
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what were the key characteristcs of greek religion, especially concerning the role of myth?
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chaos leads to creation. uranus is heaven and male. gaea is earth and female. the race of 12 titans dominated by cronos. cronos ate his own children so tey couldnt overthrow him, but zues overthrows his father and save his siblings
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what were the key characteristcs of greek religion, especially concerning the role of nature of gods?
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there was no supreme god. they all lived on the top of mt olympus. they are Anthropomorphic, which means they look like humans and behave like humans but are god. zues was the cheif greek god/god of lightning and sky. posidean was god of the sea. haydes was god of the underworld. ares (or mars) god of war. athena goddess of wisdom.
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what were the key characteristcs of greek religion, especially concerning the role of methods of worship?
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they played music and had precession to the temple to sacrifice...olympics was a religious activity. they visited the oracle at delphi to have their future predicted.
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what were the key characteristcs of greek religion, especially concerning the role of concept of afterlife?
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Charrowed across the river to haydes.
Elysian fields was best part of haydes for heroes and people like Socrates Tartarus worst part of haydes |
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what is "philosophy" and what are its major branches? what is the key difference between materialistic and dualistic philisophical outlooks?
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philosophy is the love of wisdom.
major fields: metaphysics:Studying religion, whats the ultimate truth, who created us, is god good, how can I find salvation, did something create the universe…dealing with the eternal ethics: what is the right thing to do natural: logic political: most rational government aesthetics: study of what is beautiful materialistic: This earth is all there is after you die there is nothing else. Learn about life on earth this is it, enjoy life best you can, no heaven...aristotle held this view dualistic: there is more after life, there is a heaven..plato held this view |
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who were the pre-socratic philosophers and what was the main focus of their inquiry?
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pre socratics were materialistic. their main focus was to see if there is a main element that unites the universe.. came close to developing science but don’t because they didn’t evelop a experimental method, just theorize things, never proved them
pythagorous, anaxminder, heraclitucs, democritus |
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who were the sophists? where did they flourish and what was the major focus of their inquiry?
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taught how to be a success in athenian society. socrates, plato, aristotle
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what were the key philisophical contributions of the big three in classical greek philosophy?
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socrates: socratic method, know thyself
plato: theory of forms (idea that there are two worlds perfect and imperfect) and the theory of souls aristotle: whay are things the way they are in this world. golden mean, give but dont give in excess ect... |
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what were the key aspects of the two great philosophical systems in the hellenistic era?
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epicureanism: founded by epicurus. thought the world had a fixed number of atoms. thought there was no after life, so live this life pursuing moderate pleasure. dont party party and hurt your body,use your mind
stoicism: founded by zeno. there is a purpose for the universe and the force for it is logos (wisdom) born with a certain duty in life. your purpose is to endure and accept it |
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list the ages in order
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bronze, dark, archaic, classical, hellenistic
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1) What were some of the basic characteristics of Roman Religion and what was the nature of mystery religions that emerged in the Hellenistic era and were rivals to Christianity?
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mystery religions were based on Salvation. The most famous mystery religion was the cult of Mithras. Mithra was born on Dec. 25th. Worshipped the son, shared a sacred meal, worshiped on Sundays, baptized in the blood of bulls. Obviously there are many parallels to Christianity in this cult. Women were not allowed to become a Mithra.
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Why were the Romans who were basically tolerant of other religions, have persecuted Christians? What was the general nature of the persecutions?
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Romans persecuted Christians because they were faithful to God more so than the state. Christians did not participate in gladiatorial games or sacrifice to the gods. Christians seemed eccentric and strange.
-Nero was the first to persecute Christians. Christians were crucified (upside down in Peter’s case), beheaded, burnt at the steak,- the persecution of Christians was nasty and inhumane. |
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What are the main reasons for triumph for the triumph of Christianity in the Roman world? Isolate general reasons as well as specific events and individuals that led to the triumph of Christianity in the Roman world in the late 300s?
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General reasons:
• Pleasant after life available to all. • Key role of Paul? • Appeal to woman and poor. Husbands be faithful and respect your wives, Poor, life is but a breath! • Based on a real figure, not a mythological god or goddess. • There was unity in the empire. Ex. Paul was able to travel relatively easy from country to country. • Syncretistic nature- could be adapted to many different cultures. Specific people and events: • Constantine issues the Edict of Mallon which made Christianity legal which meant that persecution had to end. He also appointed Christians to important offices in the government. After this Christianity grew very quickly. • St. Paul said that Christianity was not just for the Jews but for the whole world. This made Christianity easily accessible. He is known as the cofounder of Christianity. • Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. This has both good and bad results because everyone was forced to attend church. |
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What was the basic organizational structure developed by the early church in its first few centuries? What was the theory of apostolic succession and its relation to the role of the bishop? What was the papacy, and what were the justifications for its power, especially the Petrine theory?
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* Hierarchical organization of the church:
- Pope was at the top, he was the bishop of Rome. The Petrine theory was roman Catholic doctrine that believed Peter was the first pope or bishop and was given the keys to the kingdom of Heaven - Bishops- -Priests- there were one of these for each Parish. There were many of them. |
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What were the main heresies that emerged in the early church Donatitism and Arianism?
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- Donatism arose at the time of Diocletian’s persecutions. Example of this, a priest is going to be martyrd unless he renounces his faith, so he does. When he is let go he wants to go back to the church, but he isn’t allowed to. The church says that there should only be sinless people in the church. How to solve this? Constantine says that this is heresy.
--Arianism – started by Arius, who was a priest from Alexandria in Egypt. He claimed Jesus was inferior to God because he was not eternal like God (said he had not lived forever, and that existence started when he was born as a human) ----brought about Counsel of Nicaea – condemned Arianism and wrote Nicaean creed stated that Jesus was eternal and that he was “the same substance” as God |
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What were the reasons for the emergence of monasticism, and what were the characteristics of the early monks? What were the key contributions of St Benedict to monasticism? How did he envision the daily life of a monk?
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-Monasticism was established in order to avoid worldly temptations and was a way to abandon family and home for the sake of everlasting life. –taught total dedication to the will of God
-St Benedict came up with Communal Monasticism – he established the fundamental form of monastic life within western Christian church. His rule favored an idea of moderation. -He divided each day into different activities with an emphasis on prayer and manual labor. They were all required to do some form of physical labor for several hrs a day. -7 regular services a day – Abott was head of monastery |
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What were the key contributions to Christian thought of these early “Church Fathers?” What were the key points of Augustine’s Confessions and his City of God?
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-Tertullian – a Christian writer from Carthage and he believed the only book we should have was the Bible
-St Jerome – translated the Bible into Latin; a great scholar -St Augustine – most influential Christian philosopher for thousands of years – bishop of Hippo -Confessions –Augustine’s description of his story of finding God – sharp contrast between worldly things and things not of this world – had a lowly view of mankind and said life of chastity is superior to others -City of God- his rebuttal saying fall of Rome was not Christians’ fault – his story of history – said most people follow the “City of Man” |
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What were the three chief successors that replaced the Roman Empire by 700AD? Be able to compare them briefly.
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Byzantine Empire- this was Christian Empire. Greek was the official language. This empire was ruled by Justinian (527-565). He was head over the eastern Roman Empire and he was determined to reestablish the Roman Empire into the entire Mediterranean world. Justinian’s most important Contribution is the codification of Roman law. He wrote Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law).
-Justinian rebuilt Constantinople after riots destroyed much of this city in 532. As a result of Justinian’s work, Constantinople became the largest city in the middle ages. -Justinian’s accomplishments were spectacular; however, when he dies he left this empire with serious problems: too much territory to protect, an empty treasury, a decline in population after plague, and renewed threats in its frontiers. The most serious challenge to this eastern empire was the rise of Islam. -The Byzantine Empire was both Greek and Christian. This empire was built on a belief in Jesus. -Government- ruled by an emperor who also appointed the head of the church, the patriarch. They saw the emperor as being chosen by God and his rule was considered absolute. Was there founder and king. He was a very ruthless and hardened warrior. However he married a Christian women named Clotilda and when they had their first son Clotilda convinced Clovis to allow him to get baptized. Clovis doesn’t buy into the whole Christianity thing until he is at battle and his troops are clearly not doing to well. He decides to call out to the God of his wife to see if He will deliver him from the battle. After he prays all of the opposing troops run away and he converts to Christianity...The nature of Germanic Empire: -Government, led by kings who were elected by nobles from the royal family. If there was no one eligablle in the royal family, the best warriors were nominated. Kings were not absolute. They were held accountable by a council. -social system, at the top were the nobles. They fought and led the army. Freeman were mainly farmers. Then were the slaves who were prisoners to war or criminals. -Comitras were the war band that lead troops into battle. -Leagal system- Germanic tribes were divided into clans. In the instance of a crime, the council decides who is guilty and who is innocent. The council chooses two forms of finding out the truth about the matter at hand. 1) Compurgation which is where the person being accused gathers a group of troops to swear on his innocence in the matter. Or 2) oredeals such as retrieve s rock from a boiling pot of water. If your wounds get infected you are guilty if not you are innocent. Another is the hot rob, if the persons hand is infected after grabbing the rod, the person is found to be guilty. Lastly, the sink or float test. -Religion, very polytheistic, anthopemorphic. 4 gods: 1) Thieu which is the god of wind and war, 2) woden which is the god of war and thunder, 3) thor which is the god of lightning and fire and 4) Frigga which is the goddess of fertility. -After life is in a place called Valhalla. This place is very pleasant; however, it doesn’t last. Evil will triumph. 3. Islamic Empire- the official language was Arabic -Religion, they were polytheistic, however there was a supreme god called Allah who ruled over the other gods. |
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Byzantine Empire
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this was Christian Empire. Greek was the official language. This empire was ruled by Justinian (527-565). He was head over the eastern Roman Empire and he was determined to reestablish the Roman Empire into the entire Mediterranean world. Justinian’s most important Contribution is the codification of Roman law. He wrote Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law).
-Justinian rebuilt Constantinople after riots destroyed much of this city in 532. As a result of Justinian’s work, Constantinople became the largest city in the middle ages. -Justinian’s accomplishments were spectacular; however, when he dies he left this empire with serious problems: too much territory to protect, an empty treasury, a decline in population after plague, and renewed threats in its frontiers. The most serious challenge to this eastern empire was the rise of Islam. -The Byzantine Empire was both Greek and Christian. This empire was built on a belief in Jesus. -Government- ruled by an emperor who also appointed the head of the church, the patriarch. They saw the emperor as being chosen by God and his rule was considered absolute. |
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clovis
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Was there founder and king. He was a very ruthless and hardened warrior. However he married a Christian women named Clotilda and when they had their first son Clotilda convinced Clovis to allow him to get baptized. Clovis doesn’t buy into the whole Christianity thing until he is at battle and his troops are clearly not doing to well. He decides to call out to the God of his wife to see if He will deliver him from the battle. After he prays all of the opposing troops run away and he converts to Christianity
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What were the main Germanic states that emerged in Western Europe? Why were the Franks ultimately the most important? Who was Clovis and why was he important?
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- Vandals, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Anglo Saxons, and Franks
- Franks were most important because it proved to be the longest lasting kingdom -Clovis established the Frankish kingdom and he was a member of the Merovingian dynasty. He was not the first German king to convert to Christianity but was the first one to convert and not join the Arian sect. He was converted to Catholic Christianity. – his conversion to Christianity was important for the Frankish community because it helped him gain papal support. |
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what was the basic nature of the germanic society?
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-Government, led by kings who were elected by nobles from the royal family. If there was no one eligablle in the royal family, the best warriors were nominated. Kings were not absolute. They were held accountable by a council.
-social system, at the top were the nobles. They fought and led the army. Freeman were mainly farmers. Then were the slaves who were prisoners to war or criminals. -Comitras were the war band that lead troops into battle. -Leagal system- Germanic tribes were divided into clans. In the instance of a crime, the council decides who is guilty and who is innocent. The council chooses two forms of finding out the truth about the matter at hand. 1) Compurgation which is where the person being accused gathers a group of troops to swear on his innocence in the matter. Or 2) oredeals such as retrieve s rock from a boiling pot of water. If your wounds get infected you are guilty if not you are innocent. Another is the hot rob, if the persons hand is infected after grabbing the rod, the person is found to be guilty. Lastly, the sink or float test. -Religion, very polytheistic, anthopemorphic. 4 gods: 1) Thieu which is the god of wind and war, 2) woden which is the god of war and thunder, 3) thor which is the god of lightning and fire and 4) Frigga which is the goddess of fertility. -After life is in a place called Valhalla. This place is very pleasant; however, it doesn’t last. Evil will triumph. |
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what were the distiguishing characterisitcs of the romans compared to the greeks, and what were the main roman contributions to western civ?
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the romans were less interested in philosophy and arts more in gov. and they were great absorbers of other cultures. their main contributions are law, roads, latin(most influential lang) gov…
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what were the three key stages in roman history? what were the two main myths and legends about the founding of rome?
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prerepublican period, roman empire, roman republic. the main myths were romulus and remus, and aeneas.
rom an rem: they were the founders of rome because their mom was killed and they were put in a basket down the river and they were nursed by wolfs. aeneas: given the sword of troy and believed to escape troy one of the only trojons... |
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what was the nature of the roman republic, considering the nature of the class system?
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patricians (high class) and plebians (low class).
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what was the nature of the roman republic, considering the nature of government
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consuls(two consuls chosen annually had the right to command), senate (for life, 900 men), aediles(surpervised the public games and watched over the grain supply)
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what was the nature of the roman republic, considering the nature of rome's conquests to create an empire?
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conquers all of italy...wanted to conquer as much as they could
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what caused the downfall of the roman republic? and what replaced it?
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the crises of the third century caused and the roman empire replaced it.
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what were the three main ages of the roman empire?
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pax romana, crises of third cent, temporary renewal, decline and fall, temporary renewal
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what was the significance of the reign of caesar augustus?
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he brought stability to rome. he was the first roman emperor and ushered in the pax romana
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what is meant by the pax romana?
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a time of peace, a good time to live in rome...during the pax romana trade flourished and the provinces were governed efficiently...these acheivements were fundamental to the development of western civ
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what crises beset the roman empire in the 3rd century ad
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bad rulers cause this...succession problems, declining population, economic stagnation, and increasing external threats
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what was the importance of the emperors diocletian and constantine?
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diocletian restored stability and ended chaos in rome. he divides the empire..he thinks there are too many christians so he kills them
constantine comes after dio. he does the edict of milan which makes christianity legal they were the last two great emperors and the kingdom was divided into two |
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what various factors contributed to the "fall" of the roman empire? what are some popular misconceptions about this event? what was its true nature?
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• Political-no great political leaders in the last years
• Changing nature in military • Declining economy-in severe decline • Demographic crisis-population declining • Pressure from Germanic invaders-took over the west there is no single reason for the fall. a misconception is christianity caused the fall. |
