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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Why were the northern Italian city states so wealthy during the Renaissance? |
City states located in ideal area for Mediterranean trade. Became the heart of European commerce |
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What were the most important differences between medieval and Renaissance art? |
Medieval: very religious, no realism/perception of depth and proportions, no human aspects Renaissance: period of realism, perception of death and heavy detail, real human aspects |
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According to Pico della Mirandola, what is unique about the place of human beings on what he calls "the chain of being”? What difference did he believe this makes in how human beings can live their lives? |
Man can choose to be whatever he wants to be. This is our advantage. Because we have this power, we understand that we have to take care of it. We have so much freedom from God. |
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In The Prince, what did Machiavelli say is a ruler's principal responsibility, and how did he advise a ruler to behave? |
Rulers only concern should be the welfare of the state, no other moral considerations should apply. Better for rulers to be feared than loved |
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How did Martin Luther believe that human beings are justified before God? In The Bondage of the Will, what did he argue is the part that they play, if any, in their own salvation? |
Human beings are justified by faith and faith alone under God. Humans play the main part in the role in their own salvation
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Why did Martin Luther write his Ninety-Five Theses? |
to criticize/complain about the selling of indulgences; to call for reform of the churches and the pope Luther wanted to expose the corruption in the Church, specifically with the improper sales of indulgences. |
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Why did Henry VIII want his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled? What did he do when the pope would not grant the annulment? |
Henry wanted a son but Catherine couldn't. He rejected papal authority over the church and created the Act of Supremacy, giving the king supreme/ultimate authority |
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What religious policy did Elizabeth I pursue? |
The Church of England (Anglican Church) in which she became the supreme head. Instituted both Protestant and Catholic ideas Elizabeth was in favor of Protestantism . She became the "Supreme Governor" of the English Church and started to adopt Protestant practices. There were a lot of religious tensions but gradually, Protestantism and English nationalism fused together until they were nearly indistinguishable. |
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What was the Council of Trent, and what did it accomplish? |
It was how the Roman Catholics embarked on their own reformation. It actually eliminated a lot of the corruption and indifference that led to the Protestant Reformation. However, it did not compromise on any of the doctrinal issues that actually divided the Church. |
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How did the Protestant Reformation affect the way people understood the role of the individual in the Christian life? |
Individual is at the center of achieving salvation Sola-fide and sola-scriptura were really important. The individual has the right to question the Church. Also, Protestants put special emphasis on the doctrine of priesthood of all believers. Everyone has equal and direct access to God. |
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How did Henry IV try to end the religious conflict in France? |
War of Religions: enacted the Edict of Nantes which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants which ended civil war between Protestants, Huguenots, and Catholic Christians |
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According to Thomas Hobbes, who created government and why? What authority did Hobbes believe the government should possess? |
Government was created by the people and it was a type of contract between the ruler and his subjects to provide protection. As long as the people were protected from each other and from foreigners and the ruler did not murder its subject the ruler would maintain power |
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What did Bishop Bossuet teach about the rights and duties of monarchs? |
State authority came from the Gods, it is a divine right. God for the people but not of the people. The people had no right to resist the monarch |
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What policies did Louis XIV pursue in order to enhance his authority? |
Enhances authority by building up bureaucracy, relies on nobles and commoners, revoked edict of Nantes, extended control over Roman Catholic church. Also made people go to Versailles for loyalty and to watch over |
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Why was Versailles important to Louis XIV? |
Symbol of absolute monarchy and became political and administrative capital of the kingdom. Would house lords and monarchs in order to receive favoritism and maintain loyalty |
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How did Frederick William strengthen his control of Brandenburg-Prussia? In what ways was his grandson, Frederick II, an enlightened absolutist? |
He exempted him nobles from taxes. He had complete control over his peasants and put them in deep servitude. He made the nobles serve in his officer corp too. And he made his army HUGE. and put emphasis on a royal bureaucracy. Frederick the Great made a lot of social reforms, prohibited judicial torture of criminals, and made elementary schools for the communities. He had (some) religious toleration. He encouraged scientific forestry and cultivation of new crops. |
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What did Peter the Great do to strengthen his authority? |
Peter understood the need for change. He basically enslaved his serfs and made the nobles serve in the officer corp and bureaucracy. He also put commoners in the bureaucracy. He made nobles dress like westerners and shave off their beards. Noble women were to be unveiled and be put in public. He took control of the Orthodox Church to the point that it was basically a department of the state. He also built St. Petersburg (motives comparable to that of Versaille). He did everything he could to make Russia not seem "backwards" |
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By the reign of James I, why were monarchs becoming frustrated with the House of Commons? |
The Church of England was split between Anglicans, who were the middle way between Protestant and Catholics, and the Puritans. The king did not like that the Puritans wanted to be thoroughly Catholic. The Puritans were the largest faction in the House of Commons, so they potentially had a lot of power. |
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What were the principal differences between Anglicans and Puritans? |
Anglicans were the middle way between being Protestant and Catholic. Puritans were 100% Protestant. |
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What did Charles II promise before becoming King of England? |
He promised not to rule like his father did. He restored the House of the Lords and the Church. |
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Why did the Glorious Revolution take place? |
James II took the throne as a Roman Catholic. Everyone feared a Catholic Absolutist state. In november 1688, Mary and William or Orange seized the throne. The foundation of government they created endured. |
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How did the Bill of Rights alter the English government? |
It created a Parliament that was an equal part of the government. It also created a limited and constitutional monarchy. |
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According to John Locke, what is the source of political authority? |
It came from the social contract between government and the people. The gov't should protect our natural rights and handle disputes. |
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What was the principal difference between René Descartes' method for finding the truth and Francis Bacon's? |
Decartes and Bacon both thought that the search for truth came from doubting the things you believe in. Bacon relied on the classical model. Decrates relied on the pragmatic model |
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What did Sir Isaac Newton’s seem to reveal the universe to be? |
The universe is a great machine government by mathematical laws and truth and thus transparent to reason. |
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What did John Locke believe about the human mind? |
Tabula Rasa |
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What was the relationship between the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution? |
The principles and hopes of the scientific revolution were a vehicle for social, political, and religious reform in the Enlightenment |
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Why were most of the philosophes hostile to revealed religion and to the Catholic Church? |
They thought that revealed religion was inherently superstitious. They also thought the Church was against change and progress because of their otherworldly gospels. They also thought that the Church was intolerant and corrupt. |
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What religious philosophy did most of the philosophes embrace? |
Deism |
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In The Philosophical Dictionary, what did Voltaire say about how Jews and Christians had often behaved? |
Jews and Christians were violent and caused conflict. Voltaire believed in God but he wanted more of a church bureaucracy |
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What were the political goals of the philosophes? |
They wanted freedom from the restraints of inherited privilege, tyranny, slavery, and poverty. They wanted Enlightened absolute monarchs. In their eyes, the best gov't are laws to fit the circumstances. They also wanted a separation/balance of powers. They thought that the purpose of gov't was to protect natural rights. |
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How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau try to harmonize individual liberty with the authority of the state? |
He also believed in the social contract, that we give up natural liberty for civic liberty, which is being the citizen of a free community. |
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In What Is Enlightenment?, what did Immanuel Kant argue is the greatest obstacle to enlightenment? |
Enlightenment is the human being's emergence from his self-incurred minority. He said the greatest obstacle is laziness & immaturity |
