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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What was the state of Europe during the MIddle Ages?
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it was an isolated, backward region, largely cut off from the more advanced civilizations.
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What natural resources did Europe have?
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-dense forests
rich black soil -untapped veins of rich minerals -seas for highways and exportation -large rivers for trade and water wheels |
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What were the Germanic tribes who migrated across Europe like?
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they were farmers and herders. They had no cities, and no written laws or customs.
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What was the strongest and most successful Germanic tribe?
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the Granks
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Who was king of the Franks?
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Clovis
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What Roman province did the Franks capture?
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Gaul
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What was one of the major, and important things that Clovis did as a Frankish king?
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he converted to Christianity which was the religion of many o fhis subjects. He therefore earned the support of the Gauls and gained an ally in the Roman Catholic Church.
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What happened and who was involved in the Battle of Tours?
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Frankish warriors defeated a Muslim army. Muslims advanced no farther into western Europe.
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What was Charlemagnes nickname?
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Charles the Great
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Who was Charlemagne and what did he do?
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He was a Frankish king who created an empire. He fought the Muslims and other groups. He crushed the rebellious Romans and was CROWNED EMPORER by the pope.
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Who did Pope Leo III call for and what did he want done?
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He wanted Charlemagne to crush the rebellious Romans.
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What did Charlemagne encourage in his empire?
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he tried to spread Christianity by workiing with the Chirch. missionaries won many converts.
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What are Missi Domenici?
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they were appointed provincial rulers sent out to check on roads, listen to grievences, and see that justice was done.
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Where did Charlemagne hope to make his second capital?
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Aachen "a second Rome"
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What else did Charlemagne encourage in his empire?
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education- revival of Latin learning
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Who did Charlemagne appoint to run his chool at Aacen?
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Alucin
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What did the Treaty of Verdun say?
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it divided the empire into three regions.
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Who were the Magyars?
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a wave of nomadic people that overran Eastern Europe. they were eventually turned back.
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Who were the most destructive raiders of Europe and describe their civilization.
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the Vikings. They were expert sailors and ferocious fighters. They were traiders and explorers.
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What system evolved out of a need for personal protection?
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feudalism
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What are vassals?
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lessor lords who pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord who ran the land.
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What land did the vassals own?
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fief
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What did the vassal pledge in exchange for land and protection?
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loyalty and military service
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Knight battles started off __________ and ended up ________________.
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they started as dangerous real battles but then became mock battles.
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Who was Elanor of Aquitane?
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she took a hand in politics. she became queen of france and england.
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What is chivalry?
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the knights code of conduct. they must be generous and truthful. they could not attack other knights before they had their propper armor intact. chivalry also RASIED WOMEN TO A NEW STATUS. it applied to nobles only, however.
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What were the wandering poets called who respected women?
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troubadors
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What was the lord's estate called?
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a manor- included the land and villages around it. peasants worked on the manor.
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What were serfs?
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peasant bound to the manors. they could not be bought and sold, but they were not free.
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Many people of medieval europe believed in magical things such as...
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fairies, spells, love potions, witches...
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What was the western church called?
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the roman catholic church
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What kind of church was the Roman Catholic Church?
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secular
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What were the lands in central Italy called which were controlled by the pope?
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papal states
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What are sacraments?
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sacred rituals of the church. by participating in church sacraments, people would achieve salvation
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what was canon law?
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church law.
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What happened to people who refused to obey church laws?
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they could be excomunicated and therefore they could not recieve sacraments and achieve eternal salvation.
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What happened if a powerful noble violated church law?
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interdict- excluded an entire town, region, or kingdom from participating in most sacraments and from recieving christian burrial.
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What are relics?
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some churches housed these bones or blood of martyrs or other holy figures.
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What was a tithe?
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a tax required to be payed by all Christians. it was equal to 1/10 their income.
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Who was Benedict?
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a monk who founded the monestary, Monte Cassino. he drew up the Benedict Rule.
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Where were the hospitals and "hotels" in the middle ages?
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monestaries and convents
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What very important thing did the monestaries and convents do?
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thye preserved many ancient works of literature. they copied them.
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Who was St. Patrick?
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he was a monk who set up the Irish Church.
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Who was St. Augustine
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the first archbishop of canterbury.
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Who was Hildegard?
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she was a very religious nun who did a lot of things concerning religious purposes. she was important because she was a women and still took part in important religious things.
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Who was Abbot Berno at Cluny?
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he set out to end church abuses. he revived the benedict rule.
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Who was Gregory VII?
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he extended the Cluniac reforms and prohibited simony.
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What is simony?
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the selling of positions in the church.
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Who was Francis of Assisi?
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he was a monk who founded the first order of the friars- the franciscans.
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Who was St. Dominic?
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he founded another preaching order of the friars.
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What were the Dominicans?
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they dedicated their lives to educating people about Church doctrines and disputing the ideas of heretics.
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Who were the Beguines?
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they were a group of women who didnt have enough money to enter a convent so they created one themselves. they ministered to the poor and set up hospitals and shelters.
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What happened to the Jews in the middle ages?
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they were persecuted...anti semitism
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Name some of the new farming technologies developed during the middle ages?
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-iron plows instead of wooden ones
-new kind of harness (horses/oxen) -windmill |
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What was the 3 field system?
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one field=grain
2nd field=legumes 3rd field=fallow |
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What was the effect of a mass production of food?
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population increase
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What were trade fairs and where were they located?
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places along navigable rivers/trade routes where people who trade and perform entertainment acts.
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What did medieval cities emerge from?
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small centers of trade
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What was a charter?
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a written document to set out the rights and privileges of the town. merchants issued them
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What is capital?
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money for investment
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What is a partnership?
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group of merchants who pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture
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How did the insurance work?
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for a small fee, a person would insure the merchant's shipment. If the goods arrived safely, the merchant only lost a small amount of money. If the shipment was lost or destroyed, however, the uderseer paid the merchant most of its value.
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What is a bill of exchange?
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a merchant deposited omney with a banker. the banker issued a bill of exchange. when the merchant got to a new town, he turned in the bill of exchange for cash. therefore he didnt have to cary around gold coins which could be easily stolen.
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What is usury?
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lending money
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What were merchant guilds?
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associations of merchants who passed laws, taxes, and decided what to spend gov. funds on
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What other group of guilds soon emerged? describe them.
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craft guilds. they were weavers, bakers, artisans...etc.
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What are journeymen?
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salaried workers who became guild members.
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