Western Civ Final Key Terms

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• Carolingian Renaissance

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A revival of classical art and architecture in parts of northern and western Europe begun under Charlemagne and lasting into the 10th century

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• Charles Martel

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- Known as "the Hammer." 688?-741.
Frankish ruler of Austrasia (715-741) who in 732 halted the European invasion of the Moors. His grandson was Charlemagne

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• Charlemagne

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King of the Franks (768-814) and founder of the first empire in western Europe after the fall of Rome. His court at Aix-la-Chapelle became the center of the Carolingian Renaissance.

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• Vikings

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- One of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. They are known for just pilaging most of europe during the dark ages and it is believesd the the vikings may have been the first to land on the Americas (some where around northern Canada)

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• Feudalism

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was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

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• William the Conqueror

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- duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; he defeated Harold II at the battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England (1027-1087)

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• Crusades

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military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.

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• Magna Carta

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(English history) the charter granted by King John at Runnymede in 1215, recognizing the rights and privileges of the barons, church, and freemen. was the first document to challenge the authority of the king, subjecting him to the rule of the law and protecting his people from feudal abuse.

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• Papal Monarchy

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that the pope has full, supreme, and universal powerover the whole Church

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• Saint Thomas Aquinas

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- was an Italian Dominican priest of the Roman Catholic Church

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• Mongols (Tatars)-

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a member of the Mongolian people of central Asia who invaded Russia in the 13th century

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• Ivan IV the Terrible

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1547, aged 16, he was finally crowned Czar of all Russia, acquired vast amounts of land during his long reign (1533-1584). Bad temper and possibly killed his son.

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• Black Death

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- was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. carried by Oriental rat fleas. killed 30–60 percent of Europe's population

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• Hundred Years' War

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was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France and their various allies for control of the French throne. 116 years The end of the conflict was never marked by a peace treaty but died out because the English recognized that the French troops were too strong to be directly confronted.

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• Renaissance

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he period that starts from the 15th century its the rebirth of arts,science and literature.

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• Leonardo da Vinci-

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greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.last supper, mona lisa,

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• Michelangelo Buonarotti

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artist- Statue of David

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• Raphael Santi

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artist. Died at 37. Orphand at 11

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• John Calvin-

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was a prominent French theologian during the Protestant Reformation and the father of the theological system known as Calvinism

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• Ulrich Zwingli

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Swiss Protestant leader in the Reformation he did play his part in the break with the Roman Catholic Church.

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• Indulgence

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an indulgence is the full or partial remission of temporal punishment[1] due for sins which have already been forgiven. The indulgence is granted by the Catholic Church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution.[

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• Martin Luther

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was a German monk, priest, professor of theology. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor. radically changing the relationship between church leaders and their followers.

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• Prince Henry the Navigator

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- Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. a new and lighter ship was developed, the caravel, which would allow sea captains to sail further and faster. intensified the exploration of Africa,

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• Conquistador

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were soldiers, explorers, and adventurers at the service of theSpanish Empire and Portuguese Empire. They sailed beyond Europe, conquering territory and opening trade routes. They colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.

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• Columbus

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- was thought to be one of the first Europeans to discover America in 1492