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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Allah
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Arabic word for God used mainly by Muslims. Rendering of “Elohim” from the Hebrew Bible meaning God. Muslims believe Allah is the only God, transcendent creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind.
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Ummah
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is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the context of pan-Arabism) the whole Arab world. In the context of Islam, the word ummah is used to mean "Community of the Believers" and thus the whole Muslim world.
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Five Pillars of Islam
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· Shahada – Witness/affirmation. Creed of Islam. Says that by being a Muslim you believe, “there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet”.
· Salat – Requirement that one must pray five times a day at certain times facing Mecca. · Zakat – Alms-giving. The practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. · Sawm – Fasting. Ritual and obligatory fasting during the month of Ramadan. · Hajj – Pilgrimage. Holy journey that one must make at least once in their life to Mecca. |
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Monasticism
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Distaining oneself from the world and devoting oneself to worshiping God. St. Benedict started this and in 529 established a community called Monte Cassino for others who thought like he did.
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Quadrivium
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The liberal arts studies that were required by the universities before moving on to a different area of study. They included: arithmetic, astronomy, geomotry, and music.
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Universitas/Universities
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Schools created by the monks. Students and teachers assimilated in guilds or universitas. Either studied theology, medicine, or law usually. Required to complete the quadrivium of arithmetic, astronomy, geomotry and music first as part of the liberal education requirement. Changed education making it availble to some and influenced many who made large impacts on western civilization.
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*Jewish Revolts
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Three of them. The first revolt the government wanted to put imperial statues into the synagogoues. It ended with the destruction of the temple. The second and third jewish revolts followed. One cause of the Jewish revolts is that when they were over many of the Jews were spread out across the Mediteranean area thus spreading Judaism.
First Jewish Revolt : 66-70 Second Jewish Revolt : 11-117 Third Jewish Revolt : 132-135 |
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Canon
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a rule or law concerning the government or discipline of Early Christian churches. List of books that were considered to be genuine and inspired. Called the New Testament. Contains the 4 gospels and letters from Paul.
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Sacrament
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A rite that reflects and outward sign of inward grace. There are 7 sacraments:
· Baptism · Penance · Eucharist · Confirmation – re-affirming faith · Holy Orders – pledging to position in the church · Matrimony - marriage · Extreme Unction – comfort to the dying All are equally important. Luther and many others argued the significance of some of them however. |
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Penance
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Forgiveness of sins through Christ’s death. No more original sin and forgiveness of sins that are committed during one’s life. For a long time penance were sold as indulgences by the church in order to make money. Luther argued against this practice and against people like Tetzel who sold indulgences for the church.
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Eucharist
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The presence of Christ in the elements of bread and wine. The Eucharist is a product of what Jesus said at the last supper. This was a point of debate for many including Luther. The Catholic church believed in transubstantiation which was the “miracle” of the bread and wine being transformed into the body and blood of Jesus during the Mass. Luther believed in consubstantiation which was that the bread and wine only was transformed to body and blood if the person receiving it believed in this transformation.
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Transubstantiation
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The belief of the Catholic church that when receiving communion the Eucharist of the bread and wine turning into the body and blood of Jesus happened as a “miracle” during the Mass and than given to the people. Luther argued against this principle and argued for the case of consubstantiation.
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Consubstantiation
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Luther’s belief about the Eucharist that instead of the bread and wine transforming into the body and blood through ways of the priest it is only transformed if the person who is receiving it believes in the transformation to body and blood.
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Eternal Law
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One of Aquinas’s 4 types of law. Eternal law is the rational governance of everything on the part of God. All things basically will fall into the category of Eternal Law.
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Natural Law
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One of Aquinas’s 4 types of law. Natrual law is the participation in eternal law by rational creatures. As the perfection of human reason, it could approach but not fully comprehend the Eternal law and needed to be supplemented by Divine law.
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Human Law
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One of Aquinas’s 4 types of law. Human law is the what is acquired through our reason.
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Divine Law
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One of Aquinas’s 4 types of law. Divine law is the law necessary to direct human life.
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Relic
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A relic is any piece of history that has any bit of significance to a historical event. In Christianity it is usually a aprt of a body or clothing of a saint or important person. During the time Chaucer was writing relics were used by the church to bring people in and make money off of them. This was a very good way to make money as shown through the pardoner in Chaucer’s Canterburry tales because the pardoner sold these relics to make money. Many of the relics that the churches had were fake and were simply used to raise money. People would come by and see these relics on pilgramages.
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Scholasticism
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academic attempt to reconcile natural truths (philosophy) and real truths (scriptures). Taught in the universities. Talked about by Aquinas. Poses a question and than offers arguments or answers to that question.
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Pilgrimage
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In a general context it is a journey to a Holy Place for divine aid, forgiveness or salvation. Muslims are required to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. In Canterburry tales they are making a pilgrimage to Canterburry Cathedral to visit the shrine of Thomas A’Becket who was martyred while praying.
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Canterburry Cathedral
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Important cathedral located in Canterburry. Important because a monk named Thomas A’Becket was martyred here while praying him making him a very important martyr. The site was left for people to come and visit on a pilgramige which is the setting for the story of the Canterburry Tales written by Chaucer.
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Cathedral
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Literally means the seat of a Bishop. It is the main church in a diocese (a region of churches). Had pictures and dipictions all around the church that would help illiterate people learn about the things they couldn’t read about. A Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop. Cathedrals were very extravagant and at the time churches tried to build very big and nice cathedrals.
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Cathedral School
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They were run by the cathedral clergy and typically had fewer than 100 students. At first they generally functioned as seminaries to train future priests, but later accepted normal students. Often they would also teach members of the cathedral choir. During the Renaissance, some of these schools developed into autonomous medieval Universities, while others remained under the control of the bishop or his chancellor.
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Wife of Bath
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One of the “main” characters in Chaucers Canterburry Tales. She is thought to be a representation of Eve, the first female. The Wife of Bath is not regarded highly because she tempts men to have sex with her and sin. She is a large bold woman who wears scarlet stockings which represents her personality well. She twists conventional ideas on marriage and was married 5 times. Another of her main points in the Canterburry tales is she plays the counterpart of the Knight who asks her what it is that women want and she tells him that men are happiest when they ober their wives.
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The Pardoner
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One of the “main” character in Chaucer’s Canterburry Tales. The Pardoner is a good representation of what the Church is like at this time period. The pardoner sells relics which are fake to people in order to make money. Many of the churches at this time had fake relics which they charged money to see or they sold indulgences in order to raise funds. Pardoner gives a sermon against greed, gluttony and gambling, linking into the main tale. After the tale, the Pardoner invites the other pilgrims to pay him for pardons and sell them relics.
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Investiture Controversy
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It was a battle over who was in charge. The argument was between Thomas A’Beckett and King Henry II. The dispute was over who was in charge. The church claimed they had the power given to them by God so they were the ultimate force in the universe and whatever they said goes. Brough about much fighting.
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Sola Fida
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Martin Luther’s idea that people get Salvation through faith alone not just good works or a predetermined fate. He got his ideas from the book of Romans and his feelings caused a big controversy which almost cost him his life.
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Indulgence
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A remission of temporal punishment in purgatory following repentance. These were sold by the church in order to make money. Tetzel was a big seller of indulgences and made the church a lot of money. Indulgences work by selling saints and other such good people’s years out of purgatory to people in order to help them spend less time in purgatory or for a already passed loved one to spend less time. Obviously a money making scheme and were not real.
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Purgatory
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the process of purification by which, according to Roman Catholic belief, those who die in God’s grace and friendship achieve the holiness necessary for heaven. It is also called the "final purification of the elect". Catholics believe that Purgatory is experienced only by those souls judged by God at the moment of death to be destined for heaven, and only by those that are not yet perfectly holy. Purgatory involves temporal punishment for sin, which is entirely different from the eternal punishment of the damned in hell. The church (Tetzel) sold indulgences in order to spend less time in purgatory. Obviously were fake.
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95 Thesis
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Document written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with the Church's sale of indulgences, and this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism. Luther's popularity encouraged others to share their doubt with the Church and protest its medieval ways; it especially challenged the teachings of the Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences.
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Scriptura Sola
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Part of the theology of Martin Luther. Scriptura Sola says that if there is a descrepancy between what the church is doing and scripture says should be done one should always go with what the scripture says. Argument against the Church at the time because they were doing things that were not in the Bible.
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Counter Reformation
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Resulted from a lot of tention in the Church in the 1500’s. Brought about by:
· Decline in authority of papacy · Schisms and pretender popes · Abuses in the church such as selling religious offices, ignorance of moral issues, and exploitation for profit. |
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Saint Thomas Aquinas
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A very well known saint. Aquinas was a Dominican monk meaning he preached to the people in order to raise money. He became a teacher at Universities. He was an apologist writer. He wrote about Christianity and Aristotle. Coined the phrase Summa Theologica which was the view of the universe that reconciled the natural truths (philosophy) and real truths (scripture). Also can be known as Scholasticism.
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Dominicans
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One of the 2 kinds of monks at the time period. The Dominicans, who were French, preached to the people and they did this for money as part of their mendicant orders. A very important Dominican Monk was Saint Thomas Aquinas.
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Saint Thomas Beckett
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He was at one point the Archbishop of Canterburry. Becket and King Henry II got into an argument about the rights and privelages of the church and one of King Henry II’s faithful men went and killed Becket. Becket was killed while praying in the Canterburry Cathedral which made him a martyr and a saint. Canterburry Cathedral became a very holy place and many visited just like the characters in Canterburry tales were going to do in that story.
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Council of Trent
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An important council called together by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. They talked about many things such as:
· Importance of the Sacraments as outward signs of grace · Authority lies in both the Bible and Church tradition · Free will: The idea that good works AND faith bring salvation · Transubstantiation · Standardized rituals to be used during Mass |
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Geocentrism
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The idea that the earth is at the center of the Universe and the sun and the other planets orbited around it. This was the view of early astronomers such as Aristotle. Later in the 16th century Galileo and Copernicus adopted the heliocentric model which is the idea that the sun is at the center of the universe.
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Epicycles
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The idea adopted by many early astronomers that there were mini orbitals on top of the normal orbitals for a given planet. It was also thought that there could be epicycles on top of epicycles on top of epicycles and so forth but this was later disproved and an elliptical shaped orbital theory was adopted. The reason for the epicycle theory was they thought that the planets were moving backwards so they used this theory to explain this.
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Saint Benedict
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He established a community at Monte Cassino in 529 which was for people that thought like him (monasticism) and wanted to distance themselves from the world and devote their lives to worshiping God. Saint Benedicts rules were:
· Must worship God · Had rules about discipline in the monastery · Stressed the importance of labor; “Idleness is the enemy of the soul” They made great progress in agriculture as well as making manuscripts that were made in sccriptoria or writing rooms where they copied down what usually was the Bible. Also did elaborate illuminations on these manuscripts. Helped to raise money. |
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Ambrose
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was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century. He is counted as one of the four original doctors of the Church. He is mentioned and almost praised at first by Augustine in his book “Confessions”. Augustine greatly admired Ambrose until realizing that he was like many others who claimed to know more than they actually did.
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Apologists
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Authors or writers of scientific logs or academic journals known for taking on the points in arguments, conflicts or positions that are either placed under popular scrutinies or viewed under persecutory examinations. The term comes from the Greek word apologia, meaning defense of a position against an attack. Famous apologists were Aristotle and Saint Thomas Aquinas.
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Orthodoxy
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the correct belief or teaching. Adopted by the apostles.
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Heresy
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Opinions that are at odds with Orthodoxy.
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Heliocentrism
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The idea that the sun is at the center of the universe and all the planets orbit around it. Idea coined by Galileo and Copernicus in response to early astronomers idea of geocentrism or the idea that the earth is at the center of the universe and the sun and other planets orbit around it.
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Asceticism
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A life that is characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasure. Monks were required to do this and Augustine (?) wrote about this in his book.
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The Black Stone
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The eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba, the ancient stone building towards which Muslims pray. The stone is said to be dated back to the time of Adam and Eve. People on pilgramages come across this stone on their pilgramage and some try to kiss it as Muhammad did.
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Caliph
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The successor for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. Two types.
· Sunni – leadership is based around concensus building. 85% of Muslims are Sunni · Shi’ite – Most of the rest of Islam. Descended from Muhhamad’s son-in-law. |
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Q
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“Q” is part of the 2 source hypothesis of the synoptic gospels. The hypothesis says that Matthew and Luke must have both read Mark. But Matthew and Luke must have had another source because there are things in their books that do not exist in Mark. Q is said to be the source they used.
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Synoptic Gospels
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The first four books of the New Testament are known as the gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. But the first three, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, are so similar that they are called the synoptic gospels. Believed that Matthew and Luke read Mark but Matthew and Luke may have also had an outside source, Q.
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Saint Augustine of Hippo
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A Christian apologist. He was 1 of 4 doctors of the church. He was a well accomplished apologist writer. He wrote many works against heretics, Donatists, Pelagians and Arians. Also wrote confessions which is a spiritual biography which is about admitting things he has done wrong. He was also a rhetorician or a teacher of rhetoric. Had many intellectual and moral dilemmas especially concerning sex.
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Hijrah
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The first year of the Muslim calander. In ancient history they built a mosque on this day.
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Islam
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Religion whose aim was to restore monotheism through the faith and practices of Abraham and Moses because Abraham was not a Christian or Jew but a man of true faith and submission. It began in Saudi Arabia in 7th century C.E.
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Jihad
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An Islamic word meaning an active struggle. It can also be used to mean striving in the way of God.
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Constantine
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Called “The Great”. Temporarily united the two halves of the empire divided by Diocletian. Centered this new empire in the East in Byzantium. The night before the battle of Milvian Bridge he had a dream and in the dream it said that he would rule and than he saw the sign of Christ and it said, “through this sign you will conquer”. After this he became a Christian which brought in Christianity to all the empire and many people. Huge influence on Christianity and Western Civilization.
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*Edict of Milan
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Constantine’s edict which allowed all forms of religious worship in the empire. Did this in order to make Christianity be able to be worshiped.
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Council of Nicea
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Constantine gathered bishops from all over and they met to discuss matter of Christianity. This started the formation of the Catholic which became the major/only denomination of Christianity till later people like Martin Luther came along. Also talked about who Jesus Christ was and showed their rejection of Arianism and Gnosticism.
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Nicene Creed
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Creed that was made during the Council of Nicea which Constantine ordered together. Creed means I believe so it is a statement for Christians stating that they believe in God and Jesus Christ.
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*Dialectic
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means controversy. The exchange of arguments (thesis) and counter-arguments (anti-thesis). The point was to refute the other person etc.
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Arianism
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Branch of Christianity that was named after Arius. These people thought that Jesus was a midway between God and creation and was the first and highest among created being but was fundamentally different from God. Constantine set up the Council of Nicea to agree on who Jesus Christ is and it refuted the Arians.
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*Gnosticism
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A dualistic philosophy or system of beliefs. Meant that they believed in the seperation of material world and all that is evil and an eternal world that is good. These people thought that the divine spirit of God dwelled in Jesus. They also re-interpreted creation. God is eternal and non-physical, Yahweh is a divine being lesser than God who created the material world. Thought that God told Adam and Eve to eat the apple to they would know the difference between good and evil. Council of Nicea rejected this way of thinking.
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Gabriel
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In Abrahamic religions (Islam) Gabriel is an angel who is thought to serve as a messenger for God. He first appears in the book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible. Is said to sit at the left hand of God.
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Hagar
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Abraham’s wife Sarah’s slave. Hagar slept with Abraham in hopes of producing a male child and it was successful and she gave birth to Ishmael. God commanded Abraham to expel Hagar and Ishmael into the desert. God speaks to her when she is in search of water for Ishmael. Hagar is important because she gave birth to Ishmael who is a prophet to people of Islamic faith.
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Eastern Schism (Great Schism)
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The division of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority—Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs—and over the insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Western Church.
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Hajj
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the pilgrimage to Mecca, the largest annual pilgrimage in the world. It is the fifth pillar of Islam, an obligation that must be carried out by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so, at least once in their lifetime. It is the demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God.
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Ishmael
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Ishmael is the son of Hagar and Abraham. Hagar and her son Abraham were ordered to leave Abraham and Sarah and wandered in the desert when God appeared to them. Ishmael is viewed as a prophet in Islamic faith.
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*Ka'ba
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A large cuboidal building located inside the mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The mosque was built around the original Kaaba.
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Manichaeism
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of the major dualistic religions. At one point a very widespread religion. Form of gnosticism?
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Mecca
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The biggest Holy City in Islamic faith. It is located in Saudi Arabia and there is a mosque at Mecca that houses the Ka’ba and this is the site that people go to when on their religious pilgramage as part of the five pillars. Another important aspect of Mecca is when people pray their five times a day (as required by the five pillars) they must face towards Mecca.
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Messianic Secret
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refers to Jesus having commanded his followers not to reveal to others that he is the Messiah in certain passages of the New Testament, notably in the Gospel of Mark. When the writer of the book of Mark was writing he had to make it appear Jesus was not the Messiah probably to avoid religious persecution.
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Monica
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Also called Saint Monica of Hippo. She is the mother of Saint Augustine of Hippo. Augustine wrote extensively about her and her virtues and about his life with her in Confessions. He greatly admired her religious devotion.
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Muhammad
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The founder of Islam and is regarded by Muslims as the last messenger and prophet of God (Allah). Muslims do not believe that he was the creator of a new religion, but the restorer of the original, uncorrupted monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham and Moses. They see him as the last and the greatest in a series of prophets.
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Neoplatonism
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A school of religious and mystical philosophy based on the teachings of Plato. Attempt to preserve the teachings of Plato. Neoplatonism is a form of idealistic monism.
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Original Sin
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The idea that human beings are born, distinct from any actual sins that a person may or may not commit later. People are born with sin and tarnish of the death of Jesus.
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Parable
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a brief, succinct story, in prose or verse, that illustrates a moral or religious lesson. The most common types of parables in religious writings are those written about Jesus Christ.
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Saint Peter
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One of the Twelve Apostles whom Jesus chose as his original disciples. His life is prominently featured in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. Churches consider Simon Peter a saint and associate him with the foundation of the Church in Rome.
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Protestant Reformation
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The movement that began with Martin Luther The movement began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. Many Christians at the time were troubled by what they saw as false doctrines and malpractices within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly involving the teaching and sale of indulgences. Another major contention was the practice of buying and selling church positions (simony) and the tremendous corruption found at the time within the Roman Catholic Church's hierarchy.
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Reliquary
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A container of a relic. A relic is a piece of religious history usually of great significance. Churches that had relics on display for people to come see kept them in these ornate boxes. Sometimes there would not even be a relic in the reliquary just an empty box. It was all part of the scheme of the church to make money.
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Trivium
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Similar to the quadrivium that was being taught in the universities the trivium consists of:
· Grammar · Rhetoric · Logic These were part of the liberal arts education that was required at universities before moving on to a more specific area of study. |
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Trinity
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In Christian faith it is the belief that God exists in three forms: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. This is an accepted thing for the church now but a lot of people had problems with this type of belief because it suggested an almost polytheistic type of religion which people were strongly against.
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