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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
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QI: "God wil not forgive idolatry."
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Written in the Koran by Muhammad(7th century), who receives visions from Allah(God).
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QI: "...all armed prophets are victorious and disarmed ones are crushed."
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Excerpt from The Prince by Machiavelli.
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QI: "I answer that it was necessary that woman be made, as Scripture says, as a "helpmate" to man."
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St. Thomas Aquinas on Politics and Ethics.
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QI: "So you should seem to be compassionate, trustworthy... but you should be... ready to become their opposites."
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Machiavelli in The Prince in 16th century
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QI: "From these things it follows as a necessary consequence that, since the Holy Ghost did not intend to teach us whether heaven moves or stands still... then so much less was it intended to settle for us any other conclusion of the same kind."
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Galileo letter to the Grand Duchess Christina in 'Discoveries and opinions of Galileo.'
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QI: "In marriage I'll use my equipment as freely as my maker sent it."
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The Wife of Bath's Prologue from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
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QI: "Give me chastity and continence, but not yet."
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St. Augustine in Confessions.
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QI: "Even the council of Nicea... was neither called nor confirmed by the bishop of Rome but by the emperor Constantine"
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This is from Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning Reform of the The Christian Estate.
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QI: "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs."
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PWC on THE REFORMATION: MARTIN LUTHER. quote made by a Dominican monk John Tetzel.
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QI: "So help me God, I was a lusty one..."
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Chaucer's Wife of Bath prologue(spoken by Alyson).
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QI: "Unbelievers are those who say: "God is the Messiah, the son of Mary."
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Written in the Koran(late 7th century) by Muhammad, who receives visions from Allah(God).
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QI: "There are three conditions for a just war."
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Aquinas on Politics and Ethics in his Summa Theologiae.
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QI: "One of the greatest necessities in the abolition of begging among Christians."
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Luther-To The Christian nobility of the German Nation Concerning Reform of the Christian Estate.
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QI: "...I have with good right decided to designate them by the august name of your family...in the hope that this name will bring as much honor to them as the names of other heroes have bestowed on other stars."
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Galileo in the Starry Mesenger(1610) in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo.
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Tycho Brahe
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In the 16th century in Galileo's lifetime; Brahe subsequently assisted in dismantling the Medieval conception of the Cosmos by providing Galileo with accurate astronomical findings of the orbit of Mars.
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Ambrose
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St. Ambrose was a Bishop of Milan and a major ecclesiastical influence on St. Augustine by helping him accept and understand the Catholic Faith. This is around 4th century BC.
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Charles "The Hammer" Martel
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Mentioned in PWC, THe Rise of Islam. Best known for the Battle of Tours in 732 when he halted Islamic Expansion into Europe.
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Hajj
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This is an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy site; it is performed by any Muslim that is able. Muhammad was a native of Mecca. Hajj is associated with the life of Muhammad, but existed even before Muhammad's birth.
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Printing Press
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Around the same time that Luther created his 95 theses, the printing press was invented in the 15th century. The arrival of the printing press was a crucial factor in the dissemination of Luther's message and the initiation of the Reformation. It also helped increase literacy in Europe by making texts more easily available.
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Abraham
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In biblical times, as mentioned in Genesis of the Tanakh; Abraham was anointed father of a multitude of nations by God. He is the founding patriarch of the Israelites.
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Diocletian
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Establishes Tetrarchy in 293 which recovers the Roman Empire. Ushered in a new era in Roman history, known as the Late Empire.
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Spirit of Discovery
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Geographical horizons are widened. Booty brought back from the crusades inspired voyages to the east. In 1492 Columbus set out for the east indies but found and plundered Cuba and Haiti instead. Columbus brought back people from these lands which ushered in the Caribbean slave trade.
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John Wycliff
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Led Popular reform movements in in England during the 14th century. Like Luther, he believed that every Christian should have access to the bible in vernacular. He translated much of the Bible into English.
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Muhammad
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A native of Mecca(holy site) alive during 6th and 7th century AD. Muhammad claimed to receive visions from Allah and acted as a messenger to his followers. Founded and propelled the rise of Islam to one of the largest religions in history(behind Christianity).
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Constantine
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Accepted "Christianity" in 313, this is before Christianity was institutionalized. Helped spread Christianity across empire. Called 1st ecumenical council in 325, moved capital from Rome to Byzantium in 330. This allowed Augustine to freely write Confessions some 50 years later.
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Sola fide
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A simple but powerful statement that means "justification by faith alone" proposed by Luther in his three writings that are known as his Reformation Treatises of 1520.
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The Great Schism
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1378-1417, by the end three men claimed to be the True Pope, this problem was caused more by political issues than religious issues. This hurt the reputation of the papal office and was resolved at the Council of Constance.
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Babylonian Captivity
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During the 6th Century BCE, The Chaldean ruler, Nebuchadnezzar, attacks souther Kingdom of Judah and destroys Solomon's Temple and sends Jewish people into exile.
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Anabaptists
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Christians of the radical reformation, 16th century, that dissented from Protestants and Catholics alike. A pacifistic group that separated themselves from the world by breaking bread only with one another. Not a large group but symbolized the need for religious toleration; started in Switzerland and south Germany.
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Abelard
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A scholastic in the 11th and 12th century AD. Had a secret marriage with Heloise, a young girl he tutored, their secret marriage was ruined and Heloise had to leave him. Heloise's uncle Fulbert was upset by this and had Abelard castrated. Abelard added to a debate between nominalists and realists about 'universals'; he considered a mediation position to the debate by arguing that concepts are essential for making sense out of things and important for grasping the organization of ideas, but he still argued that the real exists only in individual things. Abelard ultimately helped unite idea of Platonic Universalism and Other worldliness and emphasize individal personalities with his romance.
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Strappado
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A torturing device used to interrogate Machiavelli in early 16th century. When the Medici regained power in 1512, Machiavelli was a suspected anti-Medici. The strappado works by tying the victims hands together and hanging him by the straps, lifting them a few feet, then painfully dropping the subject, wrenching their arms.
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Medici
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Powerful figures in Florence for over four centuries staring in 14th century. Dominated the Florentine political scene and were obscenely rich by owning various banks. In 1512 after regaining government,The Medici family exiled Machiavelli from Florence where he wrote The Prince.
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What is an indulgence? What is the treasury of merit? How are these two things related?
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By purchasing an indulgence, one is granted a total remission of penalties for sin. The treasury of Merit was a superabundance of merit from some saints that had a surplus of merit. The church kept this extra merit to confer spiritual blessings, as indulgences.
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How does Augustine conceive of evil and how does he solve it?
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Augustinian Theodicy is understood as such: All things made by God are good. There is no evil, but variance is described as evil since some things are 'less' good than others. Some things are higher than others. Since all things are created by God, and God could create no evil, for everything he makes is incorruptible, evil cannot be a substance.
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What are Aquinas' four laws?
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The kinds of Laws are as follows: Eternal Law, Divine Law, Natural Law, and Human Law. Eternal law is a plan of divine wisdom in accordance with which all things and rationally directs all actions and movements. For Aquinas, divine law meant God's direct revelation in scripture. Human law is required for weak-willed, undisciplined people. Human Law uses fear and force as external motivations for compliance. Natural Law has more than one precept, including: pursuit of good and avoidance of evil, self-preservation, procreation, and desire to know god.
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What are the five pillars of islam.
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The Five Pillars of Islam are the framework of the Muslim life. They are the testimony of faith, prayer, giving zakat (support of the needy), fasting during the month of Ramadan, and the pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime for those who are able.
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What are the three walls of the Romanists? How are they criticized?
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First wall: papal claim that spiritual power is greater than temporal, or secular authority. Using the bible, Luther refutes this claim by saying that all Christian through baptism are priests and spiritually equal.
The second wall: only the pope can interpret the scriptures. Luther argues that the bible could be interpreted by anyone. Third wall: only the pope is allowed to call council. Luther found this ridiculous and ultimately makes the Pope look like a hypocrite. |
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What attitudes toward and images of women does Chaucer present in "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale"?
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This prologue and story really gives insight to women's role in the late Middle ages. The story displays women's dominance over men. The main character is the antithesis of prudence as she gives her views on the attitude towards women at the time.
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Describe the characteristics of an effective ruler according to Machiavelli.
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In The Prince, Machiavelli gave detailed instructions on how to rule effectively.
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What was the issue between Galileo and his opponents in the church? Was it a matter of "science versus religion"? WHy or why not?
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The church was not completely anti-scientific; people were allowed to do research of scientific matters as long as they didn't claim it was true in contradiction with spiritual predisposition of astronomical events.
However, the church had a problem with the exchange of a Geocentric view of the solar system for the heliocentric view. At one point, Galileo's works were under scrutiny by the church since they would dismantle the medieval conception of the cosmos. To some degree it was a matter of science versus religion since the Galileo's findings would negate church beliefs. |
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Manichaism
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Augustine was a follower of the Manichees before he found christianity. Manichees believed in a dualism to everything. For example: good and bad, mind and body, and especially light and dark.
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concordat of worms
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This was a meeting to resolve the power struggle(highly political) between church and state, namely, Henry the 4th and Pope Gregory. The meeting took place in 1122 and a compromise was devised.
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Platonic-Pythagorean Model
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Belief that hte universe is mathematically constituted and can be numerically described has its ancient roots in Pythagoras. Plato showed metaphysical interest in mathematics. During the Renaissance, advocates of this model tried to explain celestial phenomena in terms of geometrical harmonies, mathematically calculated orbits, ratios and distances, among other things.
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School of Athens
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An extremely painting from the italian renaissance in early 1500s. The painting displays a classical setting and has Plato and Aristotle debate their personal philosophies.
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City of god
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Augustine's comprehensive philosophy of history where he argues that earth began with God's creation and will end with the day of God's judgment, exist two cities, the city of God, created out of love, and the earthly city, created out of human desire and love of self. 5th century
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Pilgrimage
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Can be applied to a few religions. Muslims make a hajj to Mecca and do other pilgrimages throughout the year and are still practiced today. Pilgrimages also occurred in the 14th century during Chaucer's life. Pilgrimages were encouraged for various reasons and could have contributed to spread of the plague.
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Gnosticism
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A discovery of ancient texts in 1945 opened a different interpretation of Jesus and life. They believe that the world is evil and under control of spiritual powers hostile to God. The only way out of earth is if an outside source of redemption give people gnosis-knowledge of the means of escape into the world of God.
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Plato and Aristotle conceptions of knowledge and reality.
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Plato: Rationalism(knowledge of reality originates in and is justified by reason; the intellect), A priori knowledge(knowledge prior to experiecne), Innate ideas, certainty as the ideal, top-down approach, deduction.
Plato reality of being: Theory of Forms, the sould is immortal and immaterial and the highest being is good. Cosmic pessimist: everything in physical world short of perfection, less than real. Aristotle: Empiricism(theory of knowledge, our knowledge of reality orginiates in and is justified by sensory experience), A posteriori knowledge(only after experience), Mind as "blank state", Probability as the ideal, bottom-up approach. Being or reality: primary substances, immanent dualism, soul not seperate from body, god as unmoved mover. Cosmic optimist: everything in natural world moves towards completion or perfection. |
