Western Civ Final

Front 1

Caligula

Back 1

emperor of rome from 37-41 AD and in four short years established a reputation for strange behavior which has endured for 20 centuries

Front 2

Battle of Chalons

Back 2

in 451, a Roman coalition led by General Flavius Aetius and the King Attila. This battle was the last major military operation of the Western Roman Empire and hte apex of the career of Flavius Aetius

Front 3

Medici

Back 3

Italian family that directed the destinies of Florence from the 15th cent. until 1737. Of obscure origin, they rose to immense wealth as merchants and bankers, became affiliated through marriage with the major houses of Europe, and, besides acquiring (1569) the title grand duke of Tuscany, produced three popes , two queens of France , and several cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 4

Nero

Back 4

Nero Claudius Caesar (37-68) was the last of the Julio-Claudian line of Roman emperors. His erratic personal and public life caused numerous revoltsand uprisings and set the scene for the ascension of the military emperors.

Front 5

Pope Leo I

Back 5

He waged a firm campaign against schism and heresy.

Front 6

Holy Sepulcher

Back 6

church in Jerusalem, officially the Church of the Resurrection. It is in the east central part of the Christian quarter, on the supposed site of Jesus' tomb.

Front 7

Machiavelli

Back 7

The Italian author and statesman __________ (1469-1527) is best known for "The Prince", in which he enunciated his political philosophy.

Front 8

King Baldwin

Back 8

was one of the leaders of the First Crusade, who became the first Count of Edessa and then the second ruler and first titled King of Jerusalem. He was the brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, who was the first ruler of the crusader state of Jerusalem, although he refused the title of 'king' which ________ accepted.

Front 9

Francesco Petrarch

Back 9

The Italian poet ______(1304-1374) is best known for the Iyric poetry of his "Canzoniere" and is considered one of the greatest love poets of world literature. A scholar of classical antiquity, he was the founder of humanism.

Front 10

Commodus

Back 10

Roman Emperor. After his sister tried to have him killed (182), he executed the senators involved and began ruling capriciously. His brutality stirred unrest that ended years of Roman stability and prosperity

Front 11

Edessa

Back 11

An ancient city of Mesopotamia on the site of present-day Urfa in southeast Turkey. A major Christian center after the third century A.D., it was conquered by the Arabs in 639 and was captured by Crusaders in 1097.

Front 12

Great Schism

Back 12

division in the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. There was no question of faith or practice involved; the schism was a matter of persons and politics

Front 13

Diocletian

Back 13

a Roman emperor. He established the characteristic form of government for the later empire, the Dominate.

Front 14

Donation of Pepin

Back 14

in 756 provided a legal basis for the erection of the Papal States, which extended papal temporal rule beyond the traditional diocese and duchy of Rome.

Front 15

Martin Luther

Back 15

The German reformer ________ (1483-1546) was the first and greatest figure in the 16th-century Reformation. A composer of commentaries on Scripture, theology, and ecclesiastical abuses, a hymnologist, and a preacher, from his own time to the present he has been a symbol of Protestantism.

Front 16

Constantine

Back 16

mperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Front 17

Charlemagne

Back 17

the Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800.

Front 18

Raymond du Puy

Back 18

French knight and was Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem from 1121?-1160.

Front 19

Diet of Worms

Back 19

in 1521, where Martin Luther defended the principles of the Reformation

Front 20

Tetrarchy

Back 20

any system of government where power is divided between four individuals but is rarely used. The most famous _________ is that instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293 and lasted until c. 313.

Front 21

Pope Leo III

Back 21

Pope (795–816) who crowned Charlemagne emperor (800).

Front 22

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Back 22

(ca. 1122-1204) was queen of France from 1137 to 1152 and queen of England from 1154 to 1204. Her second marriage, which brought southwestern France to the English king, affected the relations of France and England for almost 300 years.

Front 23

Henry VIII

Back 23

(1491-1547) was king of England from 1509 to 1547. As a consequence of the Pope's refusal to nullify his first marriage, _____ withdrew from the Roman Church and created the Church of England.

Front 24

Edict of Toleration

Back 24

a declaration made by a government or ruler and states that members of a given religion will not be persecuted for engaging in their religious practices and traditions

Front 25

Aachen

Back 25

the site of Charlemagne's great palace

Front 26

Saladin

Back 26

Kurdish ruler of Egypt and Syria, is known in the West for his opposition to the forces of the Third Crusade and for his capture of Jerusalem.

Front 27

Edict of Milan

Back 27

declared that the Roman Empire would be neutral with regard to religious worship, officially removing all obstacles to the practice of Christianity and other religions.

Front 28

Carolingian Renaissance

Back 28

A revival of classical art and architecture in parts of northern and western Europe begun under Charlemagne and lasting into the 10th century.

Front 29

Battle of Hattin

Back 29

battle on July 4, 1187, in N Palestine, where Saladin's Muslim forces defeated the Christian armies of Guy de Lusignan

Front 30

Cult of Isis

Back 30

he cult of Isis rose to prominence in the Hellenistic world, beginning in the last centuries BC, until it was eventually banned by the Christians in the 6th century. Despite the Isis mystery cult's growing popularity, there is evidence to suggest that the Isis mysteries were not altogether welcomed by the ruling classes in Rome. Her rites were considered by the princeps Augustus to be "pornographic" and capable of destroying the Roman moral fibre.

Front 31

Treaty of Verdun

Back 31

t marked a first stage in the dissolution of Charlemagne's empire and a step toward the formation of the modern countries of western Europe.

Front 32

Cult of Mithras

Back 32

religious cult that worshiped Mithras, especially popular among the Roman military and a strong rival to Christianity during the late Roman Empire.

Front 33

Magyars

Back 33

Barbarian people who migrated into southern Europe, and in the early 10th century ad occupied Hungary, from where their horsemen raided into France, Italy, Germany, and even Spain. Defeated at the battle of Lechfeld in ad 955, they settled down in Hungary and established a civilized Christian kingdom which survived into modern times.

Front 34

Attila the Hun

Back 34

Attila (died 453) was a chieftain who brought the Huns to their greatest strength and who posed a grave threat to the Roman Empire.

Front 35

Pogroms

Back 35

An organized, often officially encouraged massacre or persecution of a minority group, especially one conducted against Jews

Front 36

Bleda

Back 36

brother of attila

Front 37

Joan of Arc

Back 37

The French national heroine _________ (c. 1412-1431) led a troop of French soldiers and served as a temporary focus of French resistance to English occupation in the last phase of the Hundred Years War.

Front 38

Muhammad

Back 38

Muhammad is the central prophet of the Islamic faith.

Front 39

Henry V

Back 39

Henry V (1387-1422) was king of England from 1413 to 1422. His reign marked the high point in English attempts to conquer France. While the long-term effects of his reign were minimal, Henry V became a folk hero in English literature.