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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
depression
a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
754
collective bargaining
the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours
755
deficit spending
when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt
756
totalitarian state
a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
759
fascism
a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler
759
New Economic Policy (NEP)
a modified version of the old capitalist system adopted by Lenin in 1921 to replace war communism in Russia; peasants were allowed to sell their produce, and retail stores and small industries could be privately owned, but heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hands of the government
761
Politburo
started as 27 member body, changed in 1919 to five increased over years to 10 member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia
761, Its first members were Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Krestinsky
collectivization
a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government
763
Reichstag
the German parliament
767
concentration camp
a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions
768
photomontage
a picture made of a combination of photographs
774
surrealism
artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious
774
uncertainty principle
the idea put forth by Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based in uncertainty
775
The Dawes Plan
Proposed by Charles Dawes, a U.S. banker who chaired the commission, this plan reduced reparations for Germany and coordinated Germany's annual payments with its ability to pay. It also granted $200M loan for German recovery and opened the door to heavy American investment in Europe.
753
Treaty of Locarno
Signed in 1925 by the foreign ministers of Germany and France, it guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium; this treaty was thought to usher in a new era of peace.
753
Weimar Republic
Republic created in 1919 after World War I but was plagued with economic and leadership problems; it was replaced by the Third Reich in 1933.
755
Benito Mussolini
Italian Fascist dictator (1922-1943) who conducted an expansionist foreign policy, formalized an alliance with Germany (1939), and brought Italy into World War II until 1945 when he was assassinated.
759
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as Soviet dictator in 1926 and created a totalitarian state by killing all opposition (1879-1953); it is estimated that he mandated the deaths of 8-10 million peasants who resisted Communism.
761
Five-Year Plan
Established by Stalin in 1928, the plans set economic goals for five-year periods with the purpose of transforming Russia from an agricultural to an industrial country.
762
Adolf Hitler
Leader of Germany from 1933-1945. He is one of the principal instigators of World War II and the Holocaust which together led to the deaths of an estimated 40-50 million people (1889-1945).
766
National Socialist German Workers' Party
One of several right-wing extreme nationalist parties which was called Nazi for short; previously known as the German Workers' Party.
767
Nuremburg laws
1935 NAzi policy action that established laws which took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and Gentiles; further laws prohibited Jews from holding public office or voting, and compelled Jews to adopt Jewish names. Soon Jews' passports were marked with a red J.
771, Jim Crow like
Kristallnacht
"Night of shattered glass;" a violent phase of anti-Jewish activity began on November 9, 1938 when Nazis burned synagogues, destroyed seven thousand Jewish businesses, killed around 100 Jews, and sent 30,000 Jewish males to concentration camps.
771
The Triumph of the Will
Nazi propaganda film covering the 1934 Nuremberg party rally; filmed by Leni Riefenstahl, an actress turned director.
773
Salvador Dali
Spanish painter known for his surrealism (1904-1989).
774
circumstance
a condition, fact, or event accompanying, conditioning, or determining another
756
minimum
the lowest amount possible
755
unrestricted
to have power without limits or restrictions
760
widespread
a belief or event that is common almost everywhere
759
academy
a high school or college where special subjects or skills are taught
766
ideology
a systematic body of ideas, especially about human life or culture
770
abstract
having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content
774
classical physics theory
not involving relativity, wave mechanics, or quantum theory
775
incapable
lacking capacity or ability to accomplish a goal
774
What were the opposing factions in Soviet Communist party (Social Democratic Party) called in the early 1900s?
At the Second Congress in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, two of the party's main leaders. Lenin argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries with a large fringe of non-party sympathizers and supporters. Martov disagreed believing it was better to have a large party of activists. Martov won the vote 28-23 but Lenin was unwilling to accept the result and formed a faction known as the Bolsheviks. Those who remained loyal to Martov became known as Mensheviks.
Reds and Whites