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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
depression
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a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
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754
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collective bargaining
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the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours
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755
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deficit spending
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when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt
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756
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totalitarian state
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a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
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759
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fascism
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a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler
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759
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New Economic Policy (NEP)
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a modified version of the old capitalist system adopted by Lenin in 1921 to replace war communism in Russia; peasants were allowed to sell their produce, and retail stores and small industries could be privately owned, but heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hands of the government
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761
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Politburo
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started as 27 member body, changed in 1919 to five increased over years to 10 member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia
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761, Its first members were Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev and Nikolai Krestinsky
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collectivization
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a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government
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763
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Reichstag
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the German parliament
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767
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concentration camp
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a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions
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768
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photomontage
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a picture made of a combination of photographs
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774
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surrealism
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artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious
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774
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uncertainty principle
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the idea put forth by Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based in uncertainty
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775
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The Dawes Plan
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Proposed by Charles Dawes, a U.S. banker who chaired the commission, this plan reduced reparations for Germany and coordinated Germany's annual payments with its ability to pay. It also granted $200M loan for German recovery and opened the door to heavy American investment in Europe.
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753
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Treaty of Locarno
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Signed in 1925 by the foreign ministers of Germany and France, it guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium; this treaty was thought to usher in a new era of peace.
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753
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Weimar Republic
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Republic created in 1919 after World War I but was plagued with economic and leadership problems; it was replaced by the Third Reich in 1933.
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755
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Benito Mussolini
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Italian Fascist dictator (1922-1943) who conducted an expansionist foreign policy, formalized an alliance with Germany (1939), and brought Italy into World War II until 1945 when he was assassinated.
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759
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Joseph Stalin
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Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as Soviet dictator in 1926 and created a totalitarian state by killing all opposition (1879-1953); it is estimated that he mandated the deaths of 8-10 million peasants who resisted Communism.
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761
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Five-Year Plan
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Established by Stalin in 1928, the plans set economic goals for five-year periods with the purpose of transforming Russia from an agricultural to an industrial country.
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762
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Adolf Hitler
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Leader of Germany from 1933-1945. He is one of the principal instigators of World War II and the Holocaust which together led to the deaths of an estimated 40-50 million people (1889-1945).
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766
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National Socialist German Workers' Party
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One of several right-wing extreme nationalist parties which was called Nazi for short; previously known as the German Workers' Party.
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767
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Nuremburg laws
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1935 NAzi policy action that established laws which took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and Gentiles; further laws prohibited Jews from holding public office or voting, and compelled Jews to adopt Jewish names. Soon Jews' passports were marked with a red J.
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771, Jim Crow like
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Kristallnacht
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"Night of shattered glass;" a violent phase of anti-Jewish activity began on November 9, 1938 when Nazis burned synagogues, destroyed seven thousand Jewish businesses, killed around 100 Jews, and sent 30,000 Jewish males to concentration camps.
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771
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The Triumph of the Will
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Nazi propaganda film covering the 1934 Nuremberg party rally; filmed by Leni Riefenstahl, an actress turned director.
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773
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Salvador Dali
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Spanish painter known for his surrealism (1904-1989).
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774
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circumstance
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a condition, fact, or event accompanying, conditioning, or determining another
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756
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minimum
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the lowest amount possible
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755
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unrestricted
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to have power without limits or restrictions
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760
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widespread
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a belief or event that is common almost everywhere
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759
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academy
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a high school or college where special subjects or skills are taught
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766
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ideology
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a systematic body of ideas, especially about human life or culture
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770
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abstract
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having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content
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774
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classical physics theory
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not involving relativity, wave mechanics, or quantum theory
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775
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incapable
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lacking capacity or ability to accomplish a goal
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774
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What were the opposing factions in Soviet Communist party (Social Democratic Party) called in the early 1900s?
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At the Second Congress in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, two of the party's main leaders. Lenin argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries with a large fringe of non-party sympathizers and supporters. Martov disagreed believing it was better to have a large party of activists. Martov won the vote 28-23 but Lenin was unwilling to accept the result and formed a faction known as the Bolsheviks. Those who remained loyal to Martov became known as Mensheviks.
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Reds and Whites
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