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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lucretia
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In around 500 BC, the Roman king at the time had a son who sought after this woman and had his way with her despite her opposition. This event led to her suicide suicide which in turn exposed the tyrannical nature of Roman rule. This entire ordeal called for a reformation of Roman government which eventually formed the Roman Republic in 509 BC.
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Etruscans
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A society that settled in the region of northern Italy. The society had significant cultural influence on Rome when Etrurian nobleman, Lucius Priscus, migrated to Rome and was elected king. His successor, was the last king Rome before the forming of the Roman Republic in 509 BC.
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Hannibal
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The Carthiginian leader who directed a revolt against the aggressively expanding Roman Republic. His revolt launched in 218 BC when he sent a surprise attack on northern Italy. Hannibal's revolt pushed toward Rome until 216 BC at the Battle of Cannae where Hannibal's forces crushed the Roman's in the first stage of the Second Punic War.
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Punic Wars
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A set of three wars between 264 to 146 BC between Rome and Carthage. The wars marked the biggest of ancient history. The Romans won the first in a 20 year struggle by naval success. The second war was fought between Carthiginian leader Hannibal and Roman leader Scipio. After multiple, large-scale battles, Romans were credited with victory. The third was a last ditch resurgence made by Carthage that failed miserably when Rome won decisively in 146 BC.
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Virgil
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Virgil was a Roman poet from 19 BC who helped establish a tradition of literacy within the Roman Republic by the creation of an epic called Aeneid that is comparable to Homer's works.
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Cicero
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Considered one of the greatest philosophers and orators of ancient Rome from approx 100 BC. He even predicted the fall of Roman Republic after the Roman Civil War.
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Julius Caesar
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Leader of the new political faction called Populares who called for reform of government for Rome realizing the value of preserving Roman citizenship. Eventually, his popularity rose and Roman leaders saw him as too powerful. He then took his followers/army across the Rubicon to face Roman forces in the Roman Civil War. Once winning and calling for reform he reigned for 4 years as a good leader but had a weakness in sympathizing with the Roman Senate. His senators eventually rose and assassinate him in 44 BC.
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Pax Romana
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Literally meaning "Roman Peace" the term simply refers to a 150 year era of relative peace and little expansion that started with Caesar Augustus in the first century AD.
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Marcus Auerlius
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A stoic philospher emperor who clearly recognized his role as leader of the Roman Empire from 160-181 AD. He knew part of his job as emperor was to keep himself in check, contrary to his son, Commodus, who was a very immature ruler.
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First Triumvirate
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The unofficial political coalition between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus that lasted from 60-53 BC and carried great senatorial power within the Roman Republic. After the war, the triumvirate split and Caesar beat out his rival Pompey in a call for governmental reform.
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Tetrarchy
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A term referring to the 4-way division of power between people. It marks the reform that Diocletion proposed in about 300 AD as his solution for controlling the sizable Roman Empire.
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Edict of Milan
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A letter signed by Constantine and Lucinius that recognized religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was signed in 313 AD which was shortly after the end of the Diocletianic Persecution (of Christians).
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Constantinople
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The new capital of the Roman Empire established in 330 by Emperor Constantine in place of the old city Byzantium, marking the decline of Rome. It was built up as a Christian capital under Constantine to be the new capital of the eastern portion of the Roman capital. The city survived much of the turmoil of the western portion of the Roman Empire and its susceptibility to the invading Germanic tribes. Constantinople even fought off from invading Islamic forces from the southeast but eventually fell in 1453 marking the official end of the Roman Empire.
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Justinian
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A Roman leader who created a movement to reconquer Roman territory in 565 AD. He had success with his movement but it was limited to just northern Africa and the Visgoth area of Spain. His efforts were crumbled when costs of the revolt drove local support out from home.
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Paul of Tarsus
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A man who had a broad role in the early spread of Christianity in around 50 AD by taking advantage of the Roman network system. He also wrote many letters to different societies which eventually became a large portion of the New Testament. He even helped address the developing issue of disorganization within the growing church.
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Council of Nicaea
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A group of representative leaders of Roman churches delegated by Constantine to help establish official orthodoxy for the Christian church. The meeting was held in Nicaea near the capital of Constantinople in 325 AD. The orthodoxy established eventually became imperial law with strict punishments for violaters.
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Saint Augustine
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A pagan lawyer from North Africa in 430 AD who went to mock Christians in Milan and ended up converting to Christianity after his experience of hearing Ambrose speak. He went on to write a book of confessions that was a key tool for the early spread of Christianity. He also defended the practice of Greek philosophy and promoted its use as a mission tool for reaching the world.
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Benedict of Nursia
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A saint who had great influence on the spread of monasticism in the west at around 500 AD. He also created the Rule of Benedict which became one of hte most influential rules of western Christianity.
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Iconoclastic Controversy
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The representation of the social debate over the importance of "icons" of the Christian faith within the Roman Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries AD. Protestants argued the "icons" were means of idolatry and practiced destroying the public icons.
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Franks
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A western tribal confederation who established a significant hold on Western Europe by the 6th century AD. Decendants of the Franks include the Carolingianian peoples of the Carolingian Empire which went on to dominate control of Western Europe by 9th century AD. Contributions of the Franks includes a time standard still used in today's day standard and the History of the Franks by Gregory Tours.
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Muhammad
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Son of an Arab trader from 7th century AD who eventually became a successful businessman and trader. In 610 he began having revelations from God until his death which Muslims believe to have directly formed the Koran. Muhammad's is deeply celebrated in the Islamic faith and recognizes Jesus as simply a prophet instead of a savior.
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Bede
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A British monk (735) who became a renowned educator
and scholar who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People which eventually played a large part in the Catholic church and English culture. Bede also was the first to base time off "the year of our Lord" or off of Christ's birth. |
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Charlemagne
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(Charles the Great) (742) was the grandson of Charles Martel who stopped Muslim forces in the Battle of Tours. This man was famous for demonstrating power by renowning his presence. He was constantly trying to drive Frankish peoples out of the Empire and replace them with bishoprics. This strategy improved literacy, agriculture, and other essentials of civilization through Christianity.
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Treaty of Verdun
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Treaty in 843 AD that split the Frankish Empire into three distinguishable kingdoms. After the treaty, kingdoms continued to suffer from the invasive pressures of outside forces. This pressure created lots of questioning and instability directed at the split of the kingdoms.
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