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30 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Alexandria
WHO: Alexander the Great, The Ptolemaic Pharaohs.
WHAT: A city in northern Egypt. Found By Alexander the Great and used as the seat of power for the Ptolemaic dynasty (Greek Pharaohs). Considered to be the center of the Hellenistic world.
WHEN: 331 BC
WHERE: Northern Egypt, along the Mediterranean coast.
WHY: Alexandria was is a city rich with history and culture. Before Rome it was the most important city in the world. It has served as a economic hub and cultural crossroads for hundreds of years.
Eratosthenes
WHO: a Greek mathematician, elegiac poet, athlete, geographer, and astronomer.
WHAT: first to use the word "geography". Invented latitude and longitude. First person to calculate the circumference of the earth. 3rd Chief librarian of the Library of Alexandria.
WHEN: 276-195 BC
WHERE: Born in Cyrene(Libya). Alexandria
WHY: his advances in mathematics and geometry had a great impact on society.
Archimedes
WHO:Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and astronomer.
WHAT: Considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity. Known for his practical inventions such as The Archimedes Screw, a highly device for pumping water.
WHEN: 287-212 BC
WHERE: Syracuse, Sicily
WHY: His breakthroughs in mathematics and engineering has had a great impact on the world. Many of his concepts are still in regular use to this day.
Cybele
WHO: Phrygian Earth Goddess, mother. Also known as Kybele and Magna Mater and the Mother of the Gods
WHAT: Worshiped by a "mystery cult" during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Meant to symbolize the Earth, nature, mountains, animals.
WHEN: circa 6000 BC (earth goddess worship) to the 3rd century AD.
WHY: Cybele and Earth goddess worship played a very significant role in the religions of the ancient world.
Romulus and Remus
WHO: twin brothers who according to foundation myth of Rome, are the the cities founders
WHAT: Romulus and Remus were left to die by an uncle when they were infants but were found and raised by a she-wolf. In adulthood, they decide to form a new city which will eventually become Rome.
WHEN: 771 BC (birth)
WHERE: Rome
WHY: The Romans had much contact with the Greeks and through this myth it would appear they adopted the Greek style of story telling. This is an example of how how one culture can effect another.
"Rape of Lucretia"
WHO: Lucretia, Sextus Tarquinius, Tarquin the Proud, Brutus
WHAT: A Roman morality tale. Lucretia, who exemplifies the ideal Roman woman, is raped by Tarquinius, an Etruscan Prince. Despite the fact that her husband and fathe do not think she is to blame, she still commits suicide in order to preserve her honor. Led by Brutus, the people of Rome are then inspired to overthrow the Etruscan kings.
WHEN: 509 BC
WHERE: Rome
WHY: Important in that it illustrates what the ideal roman should be (faithful, hardworking, loyal) and the impetus for the overthrow of the Etruscans by the Roamans.
Julius Caesar
WHO: Roman general and politician
WHAT: Very successful as both a military leader and a politician. Conquered Gaul and led first invasion of Britain. Played major role in transforming Rome from Republic to Empire. Assassinated by senators on the Ides of March (March 15th). The suspected him of wanting to be REX (king).
WHEN: 100 BC - 44 BC
WHERE: Rome
WHY: With the death of Caesar, came the death of the Republic and the birth of the Empire. Caesar's military accomplishments had a great impact on the world and did a great deal to spread Roman influence to other cultures.
Cleopatra
WHO: The last Pharaoh off the Ptolemaic dynasty
WHAT: A descendant of the Macedonian Greeks which made up the Ptolemaic dynasty, Cleopatra the VII was the last ruler of Egypt before it became a Roman province. Only one of the Greek Pharaohs who actually bothered to learn to speak Egyptian. Allied with Julius Caesar. After Caesar's death, allied with Marc Antony against Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian (Augustus). After their failed war against Octavian, they both comitted suicide.
WHEN: 69 BC - 30 BC
WHERE: Egypt
WHY: Cleopatra's reign is a great example of the international politics of the ancient world.
Caesar Augustus
WHO: Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian, changed named to Augustus after taking control of Rome. Legal heir to Julius Caesar.
WHAT: First ruler of the Roman Empire. Inherited power after Julius Caesars assassination. His rule initiated the Pax Romana (Roman Peace). Expanded the Empire and enacted many reforms. Succeeded by his step son, Tiberuis.
WHEN: 63 BC - 14 AD
WHERE: Rome
WHY: To study Augustus and his model of government is to study the model for the subsequent Roman imperial governments.
Principate
WHO: Caesar Augustus
WHAT: the first period of the Roman Empire, from the reign of Caesar Augustus to the Crisis of the Third Century, after which it was replaced with the Dominate. The illusion of the Roman republic, created by the Emperors. The Emperor would present himself the "first among equals".
WHEN: 27 BC - 284 AD
WHERE: Rome
WHY: Even though Emperors answered to nobody, many of them were able successfully maintain the illusion of shared power.
Marcus Aurelius
WHO: Roman Emperor
WHAT: last of the "Five Good Emperors", is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.
WHEN: 121 - 180 AD
WHERE: Rome
WHY: His works of stoic philospphy are still considered relevant works on the study service and duty to goverment.
Diocletian & Dominate
WHO: First Dominate Roman Emperor
WHAT: A low born Illyrian who rose through the ranks of the Roman army. Apointed Empereror by the Army. Reorganized the Roman goverment and changed the status of the Emperor from Principate to Dominate. This in effect removed all pretense of equality from the office of the Emperor of Rome.
WHEN: 244 - 311 AD
WHERE: Rome
WHY: Diocletian's reforms set the Empire back on track after a series of weak Emperros during the Crisis of the 3rd Century. Had he not made these reforms the empire may have crumbled earlier than it did, drastically altering the course of history.
Crisis of the 3rd Century
WHO: The Romans, Diocletian, Alexander Severus
WHAT: After the assassination of the Emperor Alexander Severus by the army, the Roman goverment entered a 50 year period in which there were 20-25 claimants to the throne. It cause the Empire to get split into three sections. Only under the reforms of Diocletian in 284 was the Empire restored to order.
WHEN: 235 - 284 AD
WHERE: The Roman Empire
WHY: The Crisis of the 3rd century is an excellent historical example of a mjor empire can sink in chaos without a strong leader to control it.
The Barabarian Invasions
WHO: The Angles, Saxons, Franks, Burgundians, Visigoths, Ostorgoths, the Huns
WHAT: Towards the end of the Roman Empire, the various tribes and nations that had long been held at bay by the once dominant Roman Army began to exploit Rome's weakness arounf it's borderes. They began to send raiding parties deep into Roman territory. Some peoples such as the Vandals and the Visagoths were able to sack the city of Rome itself.
WHERE: The Roman Empire
WHEN: 5th Century AD
WHY: The Barbarian Invasions illustrate how the once moghty Roman empire could no longer sustain itself by the 5th century AD.
Benedict of Nursia
WHO: San Benedetto da Norcia
WHAT: A Christian saint honored by the Roman Catholic church. Benedict is often called the founder of western Christian monasticism.
WHEN: 480 – 547
WHERE: Monte Cassino, Italy
WHY: The Rule of Benedict became one of the most influential religious rules in Western Christendom.
Monasticism
WHO: St. Benedict, Christian monks and nuns.
WHAT: a religious practice in which someone renounces worldly pursuits to fully devote their life to spiritual work.
WHEN: 4th - 5th Century AD
WHERE: The Holy Roman Empire, Europe, The Mediterranean
WHY: Monastiscism is a prctice still in use to this day. It has been enduring feature if Christianity aswell as many other several other religons.
The Papacy
WHO: The Bishop of Rome, Peter
WHAT: The only Patriarch in the west. Head of the Roman Catholic church. St. Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, or Pope.
WHEN: 67 AD (death of St Peter)
WHERE: Rome, The Vatican
WHY: The Papacy is still the head office of the Roman Catholic church. The church has recorded 100's of years of history.
Constantinople
WHO: Constantine
WHO: the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
WHEN: 306 AD
WHERE: Byzantium, Modern day Turkey
WHY: Being a capitla of the Roman empire makes a city very rich in history and culture.
Justinian
WHO: eastern Roman emperor
WHAT: Eastern Roman Emperor. His reign marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture. Attempted to reunify the east and west empires.
WHERE: Constantinople
WHEN: 483 - 565
WHY: Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis is still the basis of civil law in many modern states.
Theodora
WHO: Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire
WHAT: Wife of Justinian. Treated by her husband as an intellectual equal and was consulted a great deal throught the reign of Justinian.
WHEN: 500 - 548 AD
WHERE: Constantinople
WHY: She is a strong female figure who had a strong influence on the politics of the Eastern Roman empire
Corpus Juris Civillis
WHO: Justinian
WHAT: This code compiled, in Latin, all of the existing imperial constitutiones (imperial pronouncements having the force of law), back to the time of Hadrian.
WHEN: 529 - 534 AD
WHERE: Constantinople
WHY: It consolidated the roman laws
Hagia Sophia
WHO: Justinian
WHAT: the cathedral of Constantinople
WHEN: 537
WHERE: Constantinople
WHY: Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and to have "changed the history of architecture."
Muhammad
WHO: the founder of the religion of Islam
WHAT: regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God , the greatest law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets and by most Muslims the last prophet as taught by the Qur'an
WHEN: 570 - 622
WHERE: Mecca
WHY: Muhammad is the founder of Islam which is one of the three largest and most enduring religions the world has ever known
Five Pillars of Islam
WHO: Islam
WHAT: is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim.
1. Faith
2. Prayer
3. Fast
4. Alms
5. Pilgrimage
WHEN: 7th century AD
WHY: These 5 duties are still very much apart of the religion Islam and have been for hundreds of years.
Mecca
WHO: Muhammad, the Muslims
WHAT: the holiest meeting site in Islam. In the 7th century, the Islamic prophet Muhammad proclaimed Islam in the city
WHEN: 2000 BCE to present day
WHY: Mecca is the holiest of cities to Islam which is one the largest religions in the world today
Koran
WHO: Islam, Muhammad
WHAT: is the central religious verbal text of Islam, also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Qur’ān, Koran, Al-Coran or Al-Qur’ān.
WHEN: 7 century AD
WHERE: Mecca
WHY: The Koran is important as it is the central holy text of on the largest and most enduring religions on the world.
Battle of Tours
WHO: Frankish and Burgundian forces vs. Umayyad Caliphate
WHAT: Charles "The Hammer" Martel defeats the forces of Islam keeping Europe Christian
WHEN: October 10, 732
WHERE: France
WHY: Had the Muslim armies won the battle, it may have have led to Islam becoming the predominant religon of Western Europe.
Charlemagne
WHO: The Franks
WHAT: King of the Franks, expanded Frankish kingdom into a Frankish Empire; incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church.
WHEN: 742 - 814
WHERE: France
WHY: Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages.
The Three Orders
WHO: Europe, France, Scotland, Russia, Sweden
WHAT: the broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners recognized in the Middle Ages and later, in some parts of Europe.
WHEN: The Middle Ages
WHERE: Europe
WHY: This is the basic classification of society for Europeans in the middle ages.
Feudalism
WHO: English, French
WHAT: he Medieval European political system composed of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.
WHEN:
WHERE: Europe
WHY: