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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Australopithecine
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human-esc. people
looked like humans “Southern ape men” made tools (rocks with points) biopedal: walked with two legs lived 3-4 million years ago |
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Homo Sapiens
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lived 250 thousand years ago
“wise man” created more advanced tools they were the first to bury their dead |
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Homo Sapiens Sapiens
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“wise, wise men”
200-150 thousand yrs ago left Africa 70 thousand years ago they were found spread around the world |
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Paleolithic Age
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“old stone” age
2 ½ million – 10 million BC all people ( Australoithecine, Homorectus, Homo Sapiens, Homo Sapiens Sapiens) above were hunter-gathers: followed weather patterns, follow migration patterns, not stationary (nomadic) |
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Agricultural Revolution
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8000-5000 BC
Radical Transformation where they grew crops, stay in one place, domesticate animals Cultivated the Middle East Grew wheat and Barley Food was now being stored, so now this starts the trade Cradts begin to emerge Division of laborer EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATION |
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Civilization
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Cohesion of people with collective identity: complex culture where large numbers of people share common interests
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6 characteristics of civilization
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1. urban focus
2. political system 3. social structure / hierarchy 4. organized trade & business networks 5. distinct religious structure: embrace religions 6. form of writing |
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urban focus
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centralized city focus
economics, politcs/government, cultural center |
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political system
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necessary to meet the needs; take care of our roads and military
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social structure / hierarchy
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priests, farmers, kings, slaves
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form of writing
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write down history, keep track of past to maintain civilization
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Mesopotamia Location
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between tigrus and euphrates river (land between two rivers)
in present day Iraq |
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Mesopotamia
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birthplace of civilization
rivers would flood and deposit nutrients known as "fertile crescent" populations grew because civilization stayed in one place society based on agriculture kings = divine temples were in prominent buildings were high, dry brinks they would exert onto others lands to make strong boarders and take their territory before they took yours 3000 city states in area |
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Negatives of Mesopotamia
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floods irregular: lose homes, people die, crops could not grow
LIFE WAS CHALLENGING |
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Sumer
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first place = city state
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Conflicts for Mesopotamia City States
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1792 BC
Babylonian came to control most of the city states under Hammurabi gained control of Sumer & Akkad, and build temples and canals |
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Code of Hammurabi
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Eye for an Eye
Various Laws to keep them in line Laws converning adultry, incest, stealing; pay / restitution or execution 196 provisions in Hebrew Bible Society / Justice system at this time Engraved into stone Advantages to having code written: they can carry on for lengths of time, no way to remember w/o writing them down, can't be changed, there is a social order |
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The Creation Epic (2000 BC)
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great confliect: family: gods create kids who are supposed to create world: partents and children fight and kids create god to fight parents. One child cuts in half to create heavens and earth.
Violence: what life was like then, constantly at war w/ neighbors, how they viewed their existence @ mercy of gods: no control |
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Book of Genesis
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God created man in his own image
Humans have more control over their own existence Consciousness of knowledgeable good & evil, and ability to choose after adam and eve ate the apple Animals: made for humans, to eat or domesticate |
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Book of the Dead
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Had a list they had to chant to affirm that they would get into the after life
Moral code to live by Strong belief in after life |
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Egypt: Nile River
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central Africa to North to the Mediterranean Sea
Mode of transportation Floods annually (more predictable) Nile Delta: most fertile area, lower Egypt, floods the most here |
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Radical Differences between Mesopotamia and Egypt
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Egyptians don't need as much government overview because Egypt was more predictable
More spread out and diverse Safe: surrounded by dessert and rapids Food was relatively secure |
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Egypt's religious views
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Polythestic: more than one god
Re: most important God, the Son God |
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Egyptian Pharaohs
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sons of Re
half God himself ruled by divine right |
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3 Egyptian Kingdoms
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Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom New Kingdom |
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Old Kingdom of Egypt
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3100 - 2180 BC
Pyramids were constructed then 3100 BC: Upper and lower Egypt are united: King Menieze Pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs: demonstrates the power and wealth |
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Middle Kingdom of Egypt
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2055 - 1690 BC:
125 yr period of disorder, disunity between Golden Age: expanded into other territories, pharaohs: protectors of their people another period of disunity, heildos took control of egypt: learned about bronze making, learned about horse drawn carriages, the use of their technology to get them out |
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New Kingdom of Egypt
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1550-1070 BC
most powerful state in the middle east expanding into Syria Pharaoh Akhenaten introduced monotheism into Egypt |
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Pharaoh Akhenaten
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introduced monotheism into Egypt
God of Aden: most important and true God, but the idea was not popular he closed down all temples besides Aden temple focused on religion and neglected the new taken overland: then it got overturned |
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King Tut
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Destroyed empire once again
God rid of Monotheism, re-expanded land Constant invasions caused the new kingdom to fall* |
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Children of Israel
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Monotheism: Judaism
Original "Children of God" Descendants of Patriarch Jacob/Israel, and the historical population of kingdom of Israel Follower of God of Israel and Mosaic law |
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Kingdom Solomon
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-had control over Cannon and made Jerusalem their capital
-most notable king -970 - 930 BC -constructed temple of Jerusalem -expanded trade, markets, and military -@ height of his power |
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930 BC
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tension created between North and South when King Solomon died
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2 Kingdoms of Israel
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North: Kingdom of Israel
South: Judea |
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722 BC
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overrun by surrounding tribes and lost identity: (10 lost tribes of Israel)
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586 BC
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Kingdom of Judea & Jerusalem destroyed
more lenient of religion continue to worship one god: "Yahwah" Origins of Judaism |
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Asia: Indus River
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Indus River Valley
Civilization first formed 600,000 sq miles from Himalayas to ocean being 4000 yrs ago |
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Harappa
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Most notably city
2300 BC grew into cities very powerful 80,000 inhabitants Social hierarchy |
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Asia's economy
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based on agriculture
rice, barley, and peas |
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Aryans
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-nomadic people from north
-1500 BC -arrived when Harappa was in decline -expanded territories, introduced the iron, plow, irrigated waters, cultivated land -main function: to be a leader who looked out for the welfare of society -looked at as representatives of Gods: not decendents -ayran leaders became more like kings as time went on -must follow Dharma |
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Dharma
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-set of behavioral standards for all social classes to follow
-modern & ancients times -"natural law" -a way to live in natural harmony w/ environment |
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Asia's caste system
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-class structure
-hierarchy -when aryans invaded, they had prevalent class structure -warriors on top & priests -imposed beliefs on to Indians -farmers=lowest class of people -determined place in society and hope for salvation -have to go through levels of society -people cant marry outside of their social class |
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Classes
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warriors => merchant class => sudras (working class on indians [inferior]) => intouchables (worst jobs, no respect) =>Pariahs (slave class, criminals, prisoners of war, "not even fully human")
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Pariahs
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slave class
criminals prisoners of war "not even fully human" would live in the ghetto would click sticks so people would know they were coming |
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Hinduism
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-mix of various faiths, thousands of gods
-represents forces of nature: sun god, water god, wind god, moon god, wealth god, fire god, fertility god -use chants & meditations to reach higher consciousness -reincarnation |
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Reincarnation
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-being reborn through reincarnation will go through cycles then soul will be released
-what you did in your past time helps you move between levels -top of caste system: the closest to reaching the reincarnation |
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Darahman
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finally when your soul unites with the world great soul
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Karma
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action, seen as bringing upon oneself inevitable results, good or bad, either in this life or in a reincarnation: in Hinduism one of the means of reaching
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Buddhism
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-2500 yrs ago
-white elephant offered the queen of a lotus floor, dream means the sun will be an enlightened one a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject |
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Greeks Geography
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-occupied small area, peninsula into Mediterranean Sea
-mountainous: keeps them isolated from other regions -peninsula: Mediterranean & agiun sea, leads to fishing, trading, able to explore the sea, expand colonies |
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Greek Literature
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Iliad & Odyssey
-able to see Greek values/virtue -passed orally up til Homer wrote them -would serve as education: traits are honor, fidelity, and courage |
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The Illiad
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-Trojan War: why it was initiated
-written in 700 BC -Prince of Troy kidnapped Helen, the wife of the King of Sparta, so Greeks are outraged: attacks Troy: use wooden horse Focus on warrior: Achilles |
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The Odyssey
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-Journey back home that Odysseus face: cyclops
-returns home and wife has been faithful -disguises himself as old man to watch him wife (Penelope) and suters flirting with his wife -Odysseus get revenge on all -Greek woman: stay faithful, keep kids safe, maintain house, raise kids to serve the state and be brave |
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Civilization Emerged
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-700 BC
-evolution of city state = polis -greek colonization through Mediterranean |
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Polis
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Polis = city state
Poleis = Several city states village and country side center for religious social and politics Ex: Athens : 250,000 people -comprised of citizens w/ collective ideas & natural values, political values |
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The Iliad
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Trojan War: why it was initiated
written in 700 BC Prince of Troy kidnapped the wife of the King of Sparta, Helen, so the Greeks are outraged and attack Troy. Hector (represents troy) meeting up with Achielles (represents Greeks). Hector scared he's gonna die, and eventually he does die. Hectors parents are trying to convince him not to fight Achilles Hector asks if one dies, we will not desecrate body, but send him back to his city: Achilles response was no, you caused enough problems Achilles wins |
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What does Greek Literature tell us about Greek Warfare
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-greek honor & virtue = important
-no mercy -playing to win -duels between the most experienced soldiers -felt frustrated: went to war w/ Troy for a decade |
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What is the relationship between city-states?
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-Can unite to defeat a collective enemy
-animosity between them if things go wrong |
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Ideals of Greek warriors
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strong and merciless
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The Odyssey
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Journey back home that Odysseus faces
Returns home & wife has been faithful Disguises himself as an old man to watch him wife (Penelope) and the Suters flirting with his wife Odysseus gets revenge on all |
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700 BC: New Military develops
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Breast plates, shin guards, helmets (bronze or leather)
Round shield, spears (9 ft), knife |
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Hoplites
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Spartan Soldiers
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Phalanx
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Unit of 8 men to go into war
Military machine 8x8 Unbeatable Men provided their own armor both aristocratic and |
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When and Why did the Greeks begin to settle in distant lands?
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750 - 550 BC
over population and trade they settled all over the Mediterranean Greek culture spread: values, religion, food, military, political structures |
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Sparta's location and what they did to sustain civilization
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Located in Southern Tip of Peloponnese
Needed territory to sustain civilization so conquered neighbors and turned them into their slaves (Helots) they aquired so much territory that Helots became such a large # |
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Sparta's Military Authoritry
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Age 7: taken from home
Age 20: enter military Age 30: leave barrics Age 60: retire authoritarian regime: obedience to the state |
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Sparta's food
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pork boiled in blood, vinegar and salt
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Spartan's Education
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educated w/ warfare: do whatever the commander says
Forced to listen to state discouraged travel and other education |
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Governmental structure of Sparta
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2 kings: army leaders in times of war & handled all military affairs
5 men elected: responsible for education of youth Council of elders: 28 men over the age of 60, 2 kings also on council, propose to assembly Assembly: voted up or down: yes or no, male citizens |
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Athens Parthenon
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piece of architecture that resembles the qualities of Athens, such as structure, sophistication, strong form of stable government, powerful, wealthy, everyone contributing to ideas
built in a time of Greek prosperity balance, harmony, and symmetrical expresses internal gods/ideals civilize the emotions |
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Athens Government
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Monarchy til 7 BC to aristocracy, then assembly of the people
Economics gripped civilization farmers sold into slavery |
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What happened in Athens in 508 BC?
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seized control and created assembly that all men can participate, could debate or vote on legislation, this was the first account of democracy in the world
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Civilization of Athens
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500-338 BC
classical greece: contributed the most to greek culture and greek political theory |
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What did Greece do during the Greco-Persian Wars (499-477 BC)
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everyone went against the Persians
colonization: establishing their empire by the end |
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Ionians
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Became slaves to persians during Greco-Persian War.
499 they rebelled against persians: triggered the war |
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Darius
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Persian Ruler
Avenge attempt to overthrow government Military: get revenge Attacked greek mainland @ marathon |
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Xeres
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New Ruler in 486
sends 150 thousand troops 700 naval ships |
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Greco-Persian War
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Prepared for invasion of greek mainland
greek defended lead Athens defended 200 ship navy Sparta protect lands Greeks hold off Persians til battle of Thermopylae Greeks had 300 elite warriors and held them off for 3 days someone informed persians that there was a path all 300 died and persians won war Athens = burned Greek then assembled largest army and defeated the persians |
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Who took over Greek life after the Persian War?
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Athens
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Delian League
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Athens @ head
headquarters was at delious seperation of powers used people who ran these were Athenians, and they pursued war & every Greek city was liberated |
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Moving of the Treasury in 454
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from Delious to Athens
Athenians became masters of Greek Empire |
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Aristocracy in Greece
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Pericles in charge
reached height of power |
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Assembly of the Peopl
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all age 18+
male citizen everyone debates and votes every 10 days meeting held 6000 people could attend pass all laws and decide on political warfare |
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Demos
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"People"
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Creatin
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"Rule of people"
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Greek Magistrates
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deal w/ everyday life
governors, lawyers, judges elected by assembly |
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Greek Generals
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highest political officers
can vote for anyone they wanted anyone can hold these offices deal with everyday life |
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What was money pooled for war used for in Greece?
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to rebuild Athens
Public Works: buildings, temples to exemplify power |
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What alarmed other city states of Athens?
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the achievements alarm other city states
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Peloponnesian War
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Athens vs. Sparta
431-404 BC went on for 25 years |
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Athens views during Peloponnesian War
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freedom
peace glamorous building |
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Spartans views during Peloponnesian War
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plain stone barrics
man function = warfare no thinking no freedom |
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Athenian Navy was defeated in what year?
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405
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Athenians surrendered to Spartans: Athenians were destroyed in what year?
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404
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The Apology
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Socrates was "corrupting the youth", how can you be sure of what you know: examine things critically
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Macadonians
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Barbarians
Unimportant Formed an army during Peloponnesian war Tribes, not really city state 5 BC: came to be in power |
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Louis the 2nd
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4 BC: came to power
made it as strong as it would be now other states are coming apprehensive, so allied themselves to defeat them, but too late 338 Louis took control of ALL of greece Treated other greeks as equals wanted to conquer Persians, so giant alliance he was assassined |
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Alexander the Great
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took over at 20 years old as king
had a lot of experience: father put him in charge of cavelry he put down rebellions and had control of all of Greece wanted to conquer persian empire again was unstoppable warrior to lead the army |
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What happened in 334 BC with Alexander the Great?
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entered Asia w/ 37,000 troops, and by next spring had control of Alexander
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Darius the 3rd
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In charge of Persian Empire
was defeated by Alexander the great wasnt killed, so Alexander was unable to consolidate power |
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Alexander vs. Darius the 3rd
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Alexander set out to find Darius, but Darius was already assassinated... this meant that Alexander assumed the Great King Title
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Alexander Entering India
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encountered elephant combat
new styles of warfare diseases it was hot |
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Alexanders death and what happened to his kingdom
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died from battle woulds, excessively drinking, and a fever at age 32
died with huge kingdom which he did not set up any administration over territories or picked who would next succeed him Generals fought each other for commander position: fought against each other Kingdom divided into 4 other powers places rise up that were overtaken |
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Hellenistic Era
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"to imitate the greeks"
greek culture spread through areas that he captured (the middle east) shaping of the western world |
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Rome was most similar to was country
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Greeks
-alphabet -architecture |
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Italy's Geography
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Appinine Mts: divided east from west italy
Fertile plains: Latium = where rome was built More sutible for agriculture, more food = more people 18 miles from sea not easily attacked from sea still hacve access to trade, fishing, and have Navy built on 7 hills of Rome |
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Roman Creation Myth
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there were huts: villages
created by Romulus and Remus (founders of rome) they were children of war god in adulthood: decided to start a village Didn't know what to name it, Rome? Reme? Romulus killed his brother |
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Rome and the Atruscians
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753 BC
came under control of Atruscians had kings and became the government for room helped it thrive built first rds, temples, churches, and houses |
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What happened in rome during 753 BC -509 BC?
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becoming strong city state & Monarchy
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Tyrannical King of Rome
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509 Kings actions became tyrannical
wanted artistocrates wife forced her to sleep with her because she was threatened she told husband what happened formed the rebellion & removed king from power = ending of the monarchy |
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how Roman Republic was established
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507
select people to rule over use God preordained Rome to be a great power continuous warfare trying to conquer neighbors in 340 they conquered most of Latium in 264: conquered all of italy was great at administrating let them do what they still want to do pay taxes pay tribruite to rome offer men for army (army stronger) offered a path to citizenship |
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Roman Republic
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4 parts
1. consoles 2. office of praeture 3. roman senate 4. Council of Plebs |
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Consoles
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2 elected annually like presidents
chief executive would command armies |
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Office of Praeture
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in charge of civil law
can govern and lead armies when councils were gone |
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Roman Senate
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300 men
aristocrats serve on senate for life advice magistrate |
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Council of Plebs
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representatives of people
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two man social classes in Rome
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1. Patricians
2. Plebeians marriages were forbidden between groups |
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Patricians
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landowning aristocracy
wealthy had right to hold office |
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Plebeians
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less wealthy
land owners artisans merchants small farmers |
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What happened in Rome in 287?
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Council of Plebs passed law that they can pass laws
also conquered all of italy and wanted to expand |
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Punic Wars
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3 wars
264-146 BC Rome vs. Cathage |
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First Punic War
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wanted Sicily from Carthagens
needed a navy drop down draw bridge gained Sicily and forced Cathagenians alot of money |
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Second Punic War (218 - 201)
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Hannibal crosses the Alps
Rome then invaded Carthage to bring war to their land 206: Rome puled many cities 202: Battle of Zama: war over when they defeat the Carthangans, gained control of carthaganen empire |
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Third Punic War (149-146)
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Carthagens began to grow again
Kedo, a statesman and farmer, said that they needed to analiate Carthagens Carthage finally destroyed 10 days: Roman burnt down and ripped down the buildings land was then a waste land |
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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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Senante controlled all laws: directed punic wars, financial affairs, foreign affairs
land owners were displacing farm owners and taking their money Divide between rich and poor |
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Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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-wanted to do for poor
-bypass the senate and talk to council of the plebs -enacted laws to reform land policies -political schemes formed saying Gracchus Brothers are enemies because they are starting riots and disturbing the state -murdered the brothers |
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Marius
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Began recruiting soldiers by poor people
create professional standing army began to make soldiers swear oath to Marius, not to the senate |
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New forms of Generals
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Promising to give land to soldiers: getting involved in politics, having more power than the republic
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What happens in the 1st century BC in Rome?
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people still wanting land reform
on verge of civil war |
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Crassus
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Richest man in Rome
Led successful military tour was incharge of Spain was killed in battle in 53 BC |
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Pompey
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general
military in spain Hero was in charge of Syria |
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Caesar
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Military Commander in Spain
Was in charge of Gaul (France) |
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Triumerade
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3 man rule: Crassus, Pompey, Caesar
Combined power and wealth able to control everything split up territory among the 3 men maintain territory, conquered them, and civilize them |
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Pompey vs. Caesar
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both try and take entire empire with Crassus dead
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Caesar
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brilliant politician
wrote accounts of what was going on published to make himself look like a hero roman senate was wary of Caesar: told him to disband army and he refused |
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Pompey vs. Caesar: End result
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Caesar won, one master of Rome
47 BC: made dictator of Roman Empire for life began land reform increased senate from 300 to 900 introduced calendar senate had no more power |
