West Africa Final Exam Prep

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Basel Mission

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large Christian missionary society that was very active in West Africa

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Samori Touré

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founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state in present-day Guinea that resisted French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until Toure's capture in 1898

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Liberty villages

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communities for former slaves established near French forts so that the French military could get laborers and soldiers for French army (espec in WWI and WWII)

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Mouride Brotherhood

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-muslim religious brotherhood in Senegambian peanut-producing zone

-founded by Ahmadu Bamba

-feared and then later embraced by France

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Volta-Bani war

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from 1915-1916, ppl in Burkina Faso revolted against French colonial administration

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Samuel Ajayi Crowther

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translated bible into Yoruba

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Samuel Johnson

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first black Anglican priest (he was Yoruba)

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Orisa

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spirits that reflects one of the manifestations of God in the Yoruba religion

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Church Mission Society

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group of evangelistic societies working in west africa

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Marabout

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a Muslim religious leader and teacher in w africa

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Taalibe

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followers of the Mouride brotherhood

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Felix Eboué

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-a Black French Guianan-born colonial administrator and Free French leader

-first black French man appointed to high post in the French colonies

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Charles de Gaulle

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dominant military and political leader of France for much of the period from 1940 to 1969

creator of Free France movement during WWII

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Brazzaville

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at the end of WWII in January 1944, Free French politicians and high-ranking colonial officials from the French African colonies met in Brazzaville

they decided that africans would share equal rights with French citizens BUT no independence

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Thiaroye

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mutiny and later massacre of French West African troops by French forces on the night of 30 November to 1 December 1944

constituted a watershed for the nationalist movement

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Leopold Sedar Senghor

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first president of Senegal between 1960 and 1980

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Felix Houphouë-Boigny

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first President of Côte d'Ivoire (1960 to 1993)

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Lamine Guéye

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socialist Senegalese politician who in the 1940s/1950s became leader of the Parti Sénégalais de l'Action Socialiste ("Senegalese Party of Socialist Action"

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Nnamdi Azikiwe

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first president of nigeria and one of the leading figures of modern Nigerian nationalism

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Kwame Nkrumah

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leader of Ghana 1951 to 1966; he pulled Gold Coast of Ghana towards self-govt through nonviolent protest and diminishing power of local chiefs (who thrived under British indirect rule)

pan-Africanist and socialist

educated in colonial schools

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Colonial Development & Welfare Act (1940)

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imperial office in Britain decides to invest in welfare of africans in the colonies (Ghana, Nigeria) to dampen social tensions

RESULTED IN INTRUSIVE AND UNPOPULAR POLICIES

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FIDES, 1946

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french colonial program in Cameroon

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RDA

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(Reassemblant Democratique Africaine)

socialist political party in French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa which was important in the decolonization of the French empire

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Sekou Toure

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first President of Guinea

unlike other w african political leaders, he was born into Mandinka aristocracy

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'Third World'

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'Third World’ project was supposed to be about African countries were gonna join together in a common movement…but it was never realized because new govts became corrupt and authoritarian

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neocolonialism

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corruption in post-colonial africa

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afro-asian conference 1955 in Bandung

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meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on April 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia

goal was to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation

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First All-Africa People's Conference 1958

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conference of political parties and other groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Africa

attended by delegates from independence movements in areas still under European colonial rule as well as newly independent countries

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African socialism

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Many w African leaders (like Kwame Nkrumah) argued that socialism is ‘inherently African’; however, 1960s/70s socialist regimes in w Africa almost inevitably resulted in military rule, economic recession, and general mismangement/corruption…as well as DEBT

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frantz fanon (1925-61)

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marxist political radical and writer from Martinique

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Amilcar Cabral (1924-73)

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marxist activist/writer

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Walter Rodney (1942-80)

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prominent Guinean socialist political activist and scholar

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Ahmadu Bamba

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Muslim leader of the Mouride brotherhood movement

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how did islam spread in 20th century w africa?

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islam spread through informal social networks and labor migration: as rural african men are swept into colonial administration/colonial military/migrant labor force, they’re exposed to islam because being practicing muslims in their new homes gives them a better chance of getting hired as a migrant worker

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how did Christianity merge w/ african traditions?

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-“Alafia” is a Yoruba term for peace and prosperity that was incorporated into Christianity

-'power objects' from traditional african religions considered EVIL, the work of the devil, and anti-Christian

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what major economic changes occurred during the 20th century in west africa

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-by the 1930s, slavery has dissipated...however, the colonial administration still has unfree labor because they script ppl into their armies and to labor to build their infrastructure

-from 1890s-1905, most agricultural labor in West Africa was by ppl who were enslaved locally by other Africans in 'legitimate trade'

-rise of an emerging african planter class on the gold coast of British Colonial Ghana made of indigenous middle-class Africans who were making money off of planting their own cocoa

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what happened to new african govts after independence?

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-grand plans, but didn't have the resources to create strong post-colonial central governments…not enough teachers, administrators, educated ppl, etc

-the state becomes sole employer of all educated africans

-after econ collapse of the '70s, all west african nations are HEAVILY in debt so the World Bank bailed them out (?)and privatized many formerly state-controlled industries…this led to significant corruption

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what was indirect rule

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-reliance on chiefly local elites to control ppl not in the cities

-for example: a French administrator would tell the chief a road needs to get built, and then the chief would tell his village “okay, I want 5 of you to build this road

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what were the differences between French and British colonial rule?

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-British govt relied on local elites (chiefs) to do their bidding, this was called indirect rule

-French believed in ‘assimilation’: French govt should rule DIRECTLY, West Africans should speak French and become culturally French

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who were the colonial intermediaries

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ppl who were educated by colonial schools, soldiers who were drafted into the army in w Africa and also into WWI and WWII and who come back from war with wayyy more status than they had b4 (because lots of them were slaves or low social class b4), teachers, clerks

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what was the state of african slavery in early 20th century

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-emancipation was one of the main goals of the imperial enterprise; but colonial Britain and France didn’t wanna antagonize African slave holders

-in Sokoto caliphate, British govt required slaves to buy their own freedom—so the british colonial administration got lots of free labor for cash crops

-slavery was so deeply integrated into African life that it posed a key problem for early colonial governance

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what were the effects of WWI (1914-1918) on west africa

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-WWI marks the end of the colonial conquest in W Africa

-WWI also marks the beginning of pan-Africanism

-200,000 west african soldiers in WWI

-African leaders like Blaise Diagne AND African-American leaders like DuBois believed that African men’s service in WWI would lead to political and material rewards

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what were the effects of WWII (1939-1945) on w africa

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-more intrusive colonial policies: for example, cutting out the blight on West African cocoa trees in Ghana, which pissed off African farmers

-exposed weaknesses of French colonial empire: Senegalese revolted against the crop requisition

-increasing anti-colonialism: since WWII was presented as a war against Nazi racism, West African activists were like ‘yeah but European colonialism is racist as hell tho’

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how did independence happen in w/ africa

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-around 1960, former colonies turned into independent nations RAPIDLY and PEACEFULLY—more rapidly and peacefully than ppl expected

Dates of independence:

· Liberia 1847

· Egypt 1956

· Ghana 1957

· Guinea 1958

· Nigeria 1960

· Mali/Senegal/dahomey/cot divoire, togo, Mauritania, niger, upper volta/Burkina faso—1960

· Sierra Leone, 1961

· Algeria, 1962

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vichy france

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-French surrender in summer of 1940, many soldiers are captured/killed, then French w Africa becomes 'vichy' (aka Nazi) territory from 1940-1942

-“Vichy Regime” was instated where the French made an armistice with the Nazis “okay, you can conquer us, we’re no longer fighting for the allies, but you can’t have our colonies”

-African soldiers who fought for france a became Prisoners of War, so you have all these black POWs in france who are pissed off about being jailed not by NAZIs, but by Frenchmen, who become their jailers

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free france

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government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during theSecond World War and its military forces that continued to fight against the Axis powers as an Ally after the fall of France