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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cause of disease
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etiology
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used to test the density of the tissue deep to the surface; can feel differences between fluid filled, air filled, and solid structures
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percussion
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use a stethoscope to listen to breathing, heart fxn, GI motility, and blood flow
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auscultation
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skin pigment changes:
pallor, lack of color can be due to decreased melanin or decreased blood flow |
white
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skin pigment changes:
cyanosis indicates low hemoglobin saturation in blood under the skin. can be caused by hypoxia, abnormal substances binding to hemoglobin, or cold |
blue
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skin pigment changes:
jaundice is caused by the accumulation of bilirubin |
yellow
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skin pigment changes:
hyperpigmentation is often the result of lack of cortisol production by the adrenal gland. also associated with weakness, fatigue, and weight loss |
brown
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Causes of cellular injury
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1) Hypoxia (decrease in oxygen)
2) Physical Agents 3) Infectious Agents 4) Immunologic Reactions 5) Chemical Agents 6) Genetic Derangements 7) Nutritional Imbalances |
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if pathological stimulus is removed, the cells can return to normal function
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reversible cellular injury
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even if the pathological stimulus is removed, the cells will still die.
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irreversible cellular injury
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types of necrosis
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1) Coagulative
2) Liquification 3) Caseous 4) Fat necrosis |
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cells appear white and cheesy. often associated with TB
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caseous necrosis
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programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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Symptoms include:
- acute mental confusion - ataxia - ophthalmoplegia |
wernicke encephalopathy
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occurs mainly in women; refuses to eat
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anorexia nervosa
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occurs mainly in women; binges and purges
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bulimia nervosa
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obesity is classifed as being?
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20% over your normal body weight
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What should you look for with someone who has bulimia nervosa?
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- binging and purging
- enamel decay - mood changes - weight fluctuation |
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describes the many social, psychological, and physiological factors that causes changes within the body
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stress
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general emotional state of fear and apprehension with increases of physiological arousal
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anxiety
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presence of physical symptoms causing impairment in social/occupational functioning
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somatoform disorder
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__________ make up 80% of doctor's visits and are a large percent of PT patients
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somatoform disorders
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the study of work and the relationship between humans and the workplace
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ergonomics
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ergonomics deals with:
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- work performance
- stress - posture - biomechanics - education - training |
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In the US, over ______ per year suffer some disability.
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2 million people
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At least ________ new cases of disease per year
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390,000
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In 1987, about __1__ suffered a workplace injury.....in 1995, the number reduced to __2__
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1) 10 million
2) 6.5 million |
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What is the most common musculoskeletal injury?
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Low back and upper extremity
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Signs of Latex Rubber Allergy
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- Dermatitis
- Hives - Bronchospasm - Shortness of Breath - Wheezing |
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Initial response to injury involving vascular and cellular responses
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acute inflammation
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Signs of acute inflammation
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- redness
- warmth - edema - pain - loss of fxn |
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systemic effects of acute inflammation
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- fever
- tachycardia - hypermetabolic state - elevated serum protein - elevated WBC (leukocytosis) |
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Result of persistent injury, repeated acute inflammation, infection, etc
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Chronic inflammation
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chronic inflammation results in:
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accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibrosis, and loss of fxn
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systemic effects of chronic inflammation
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- fever
- malaise - fatigue - leukocytosis |
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chronic inflammation can be detected by:
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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MI's heal via _____
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scarring
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CVA's heal via ____
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nerve tissue regeneration
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inflammation of blood vessel walls
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vasculitis
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causes narrowing or occlusion of vessels resulting in ischemia
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vasculitic syndromes
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best known for affecting synovial tissue, but ________________ can appear anywhere
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rheumatoid nodules
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Can cause anemia, osteopenia, or cariac and renal problems
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rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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chronic inflammatory diseas of connective tissue; can and does involve every organ system, but more prevalent and involved in cardiovascular, renal and neurological systems
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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Known for having recurrent exacerbations
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systemic lupus erythematosus
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A diffuse connective tissue disease characterized by fibrotic, degenerative, and inflammatory changes; approximately 30% die within 5 years of onsetq
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systemic sclerosis
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an acute or chronic infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
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TB
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Aging results in _______ ventilatory capacity & ____ of alveolar surface area for gas exchange
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Decreased
Loss |
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Respiratory acidosis is due to _______
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hypoventilation
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Respiratory alkalosis is due to ______
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hypoxemia
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Hypoxemia can cause _________
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respiratory alkalosis
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Hypoventilation can cause _______
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respiratory acidosis
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this test provides data on the proportion of different types of blood cells
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complete blood count (CBC)
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WBC normal level
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4500-11,000/mm3
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RBC normal level for adult males
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4.5 - 5.4 [(10^6)/mm3]
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RBC normal level for adult females
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4.1 - 5.1 [(10^6)/mm3]
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Hematocrit levels for men
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37-49%
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Hematocrit levels for females
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36-46%
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Hemoglobin in grams per 100mL for males
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13-18
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Hemoglobin in grams per 100mL for females
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12-16
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Platelets normal values
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150,000 - 400,000/mm3
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common symptoms of sickel cell anemia
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- fatigue
- breathlessness - joint pain - jaundice - rapid heart rate - increased susceptibility to infections - sporadic attacks of pain in the abdomen or other areas of the body |
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WBC below 1,000/mm3
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patient will have difficulty fighting off opportunistic infections so hygiene practices should be used
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WBC above 11,000/mm3
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indicates infection and a differential will be performed to determine the number of different specific forms of WBC
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Low values of hemoglobin may indicate:
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- blood loss
- decreased RBC production - nutritional deficiencies - decreased exercise tolerance |
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Low values of platelets may indicate:
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patient at increased risk for bleeding & may limit patient's ability to exercise
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Glucose normal levels
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70-100 mg/dL
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Chloride normal levels
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101 to 111 mEq/L
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CO2 (carbon dioxide) normal levels
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20 to 29 mmol/L
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Usually given as fasting blood sugar (FBS) where the patient has fasted for 8 hours before the test
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glucose
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Prevalence of diabetes
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Type I - 2 million
Type II - 20 million Gestational Diabetes - 135,000 cases per year |
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Prevalence of pre-diabetes
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54 million
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diabetes complications
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- heart disease
- stroke - high BP - blindness - kidney disease - nervous system disease - amputations |
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Test that measures a waste product of protein metabolism that is eliminated by the kidney.
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
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a waste product of muscle metabolism that is normally cleared and excreted by the kidney
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creatinine
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Triglyceride normal level
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<200 mg/dL
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Total cholesterol
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<200 mg/dL
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LDL (bad cholesterol)
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<100 mg/dL
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HDL (good cholesterol)
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> or = 60
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Rhabdomyolysis
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- acute, potentially fatal disease
- massive destruction of skeletal muscle cells - MYOGLOBINEMIA - renal failure - death |
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Cardiac Serum enzymes and markers
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- CK-BB
- CK-MB - CK-MM - LDH-1 - LDH-2 |
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Liver and biliary serum enzymes and markers
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- AST
- ALT - LDH - GGT (or possibly OOT, i cannot read the slide) |
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Normal urinalysis consists of
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- color and appearance: pale yellow to amber, clear to slightly hazy
- Blood: negative - Glucose: negative - RBC: negative or rare - WBC: negative or rare |
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Often used to measure the effectiveness of ventilation, oxygen transport, oxygen saturation, and metabolic function of critically ill patients, patients on a ventilator, and pre and post surgery
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Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
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Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) lab values
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pH: 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide): 35-45 mmHg PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial oxygen): 75-100 mmHg O2 saturation: 96-100% |
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Decreases in PaC02 indicate
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hyperventilation
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Increases in PaC02 indicate
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hypoventilation
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detect the presence of bacteria in blood
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blood culture
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used to dectect the presence of bacteria in blood, sputum, pleural fluid, throat, and urine...(faster than blood culture)
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gram stain
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culture taken directly from a wound to test for presence of infection; also used in conjunction with gram stain
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wound culture
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lack of nutrition; decrease in size and fxn of cell
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atrophy
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cells age and die like every other living thing. It is a normal physiologic process distinct from disease.
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biologic aging
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structural alterations in cells and/or tissues that results from normal development, adaptation, or disease
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morphological changes
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the physiological demands that can be accomplished by a normal cell
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normal cellular homeostasis
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occur when excessive physiological stress or pathological processes produce morphological alterations
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cellular adaptions
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excessive nutrition; increase in size of cells but there are no new cells
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hypertrophy
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excessive growth; increase in the number of cells
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hyperplasia
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different growth; substitution of one type of cell for another producing a tissue that can withstand more stress
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metaplasia
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deranged cellular development
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dysplasia
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most abundant protein in the body; 30% of all protein in mammals
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collagen
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classical signs are:
- calor; heat - rubor; redness - tumor; swelling - dolor; pain - loss of fxn |
acute inflammation
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chronic, occlusive arterial disease of medium and large sized vessels
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arteriosclerosis obliterans (atherosclerosis)
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associated with HTN and hyperlipidemia; patients may also exhibit CAD, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes
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arteriosclerosis obliterans
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Pulses and color in arteriorsclerosis obliterans
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Pulses: decreased or absent
Color: pale on elevation, dusky red on dependency |
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early stages of arteriosclerosis patients exhibit ______
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intermittent claudication
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late stages of arteriosclerosis obliterans patients exhibit _______
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ischemia and rest pain; ulcerations and gangrene
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chronic, inflammatory vascular occlusive disease of small arteries and also veins
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Thromboanglitis obliterans (Buerger's Disease)
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Another name for Thromboanglitis Obliterans
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Buerger's Disease
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commonly occurs in young males who smoke
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Buerger's Disease
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This disease begins distally and progresses proximally in both UE and LE
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Buerger's Disease
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This disease affects primarily the LE
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Atherosclerosis
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Patients exhibit paresthesias or pain, cyanotic cold extremity, diminshed temperature sensation, fatigue, risk of ulceration, and gangrene
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Buerger's Disease
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an inappropriate elevation of blood glucose levels and accelerated atherosclerosis
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Diabetic Angiopathy
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Neuropathy is a major problem. Neurotrophic ulcers may lead to gangrene and amputation.
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Diabetic Angiopathy
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episodic spasm of small arteries and arterioles
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Raynaud's disease or phenomenon
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abnormal vasoconstrictor reflex exacerbated by exposure to cold or emotional stress
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Raynaud's
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This disease usually affects females and occlusive disease is usually not a factor.
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Raynaud's
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distended, swollen superficial veins; tortuous in appearance
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varicose veins
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clot formation and acute inflammation in a superficial vein; usually in saphenous vein
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Superficial vein thrombophlebitis
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clot formation and acute inflammation in a deep vein
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deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT)
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usually occurs in LE associated with venous stasis, hyperactivity of blood coagulation, and vascular trauma
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DVT
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Signs and symptoms:
- inflammation - tenderness - pain - swelling - warmth - skin discoloration - may be asymptomatic early |
DVT
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Test for DVT of calf veins
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Homan's Sign
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What does the Homan's Sign measure?
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calf pain with dorsiflexion of the ankle
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May precipitate pulmonary embolism: presents abruptly, with chest pain, and dyspnea; also diaphoresis, cough, apprehension
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DVT
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TX of DVT
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anticoagulation therapy (Heparin)
thrombolytic agents (streptokinase) bedrest |
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Chronic Venous Insufficiency (deep)
- Pain:_________________ - Pulses: ______________ - Color: _______________ - Venous Valvular Insufficiency: __________ |
- Pain: none to aching pain on dependency
- Pulses: normal; difficult to take with edema - Color: normal or cyanotic on dependency - Venous Valvular Insufficiency: from fibroelastic degeneration of valve tissue, venous dilation |
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Classification of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
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Grade I: mild aching, minimal edema, dilated superficial veins
Grade II: increased edema, multiple dilated veins, changes in skin pigmentation Grade III: venous claudication, severe edema, cutaneous ulceration |
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enlargement of nodes
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lymphadenopathy
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excessive accumulation of fluid due to obstruction of lymphatics
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lymphedema
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acute bacterial infection spreading through lymph system; usually streptococcal
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acute lymphangitis
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primary lymphatic diseaes is _____
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congenital
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acquired, due to trauma, surgery, radiation, or diseaes
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secondary lymphatic disease
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Latin meaning "new growth"
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neoplasia
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represents abnormal cellular differentiation, maturation, and control of growth. often form masses of abnormal tissue (tumors)
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neoplasia
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In the US, over ______ people develop some form of CA each year
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1 million
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In 2003, there were approximately ________ deaths due to CA
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555,000
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Only _______ results in more deaths per year than CA
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cardiovascular disease
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a new growth that is capable of invading and destroying normal tissue and capable of metastasis
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malignant
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to travel to a distant site in the body and begin a new area of malignant growth
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metastasize
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usually grow slow and do not invade surrounding tissue or spread to distant sites
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benign neoplasms
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a malignant neoplasm, malignant tumor
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cancer
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the coverings of the external and internal surfaces of the body
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epithelia
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the portion of the embryonic mesoderm that forms connective tissue of the body
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mesenchyme
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Greek for "anything poured inside"; the essential functional elements of an organ
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parenchyma
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the supporting tissue or matrix of an organ. the region where the blood and lymphatics vessels run.
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stroma
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usually designated by the suffix "oma"
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benign tumors
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benign epithelial neoplasms
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adenomas
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benign fat cell tumors
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lipomas
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benign fibroblast tumors
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fibromas
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tumor is malignant when it has this suffix
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"sarcoma"
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malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells
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carcinomas
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derived from glandular epithelia
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adenocarcinomas
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Malignant neoplasms derived from mesenchymal tissue are referred to as ______
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sarcomas
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malignant fibroblasts
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fibrosarcoma
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malignant cartilage
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chondrosarcoma
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leading cancer in men
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1) prostate
2) lung and bronchus 3) colon and rectum |
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leading cancer in women
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1) breast
2) lung and bronchus 3) colon and rectum |
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examples include breast CA, ovarian CA, and some colon CA
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familial cancers
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there is evidence of familial clustering, but there is no specific phenotype
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familial cancers
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single mutant gene greatly increases risk of tumor development
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inherited cancer syndromes
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examples include: childhood retinoblastoma, familial adenomatous polyps of the colon and neurofibromatosis
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inherited cancer syndromes
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Fact: cancers incidence increases with age
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Fact: Significant increase in CA between ages of 55 and 74
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Fact: the stomach CA rate is 7 to 8 times higher in Japan than in the US
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Fact: obesity, alcohol abuse, and cigarette smoking increase risk for cancer
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acquired conditions of increased cellular replication include:
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- cirrhosis of the liver
- metaplasia and dysplasia of the bronchial epithelia - chronic gastritis and ulcerative colitis - metaplasia of the esophageal epithelia due to frequent gastric reflux |
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In tumors, the ________ is the area where malignant cells grow.
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parenchyma
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4 factors that distinguish benign from malignant
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1) cytological characteristics
2) local invasion 3) rate of growth 4) metastasis |
