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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Skinner
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Theorist who said learning occurs through operant conditioning, lang abilities shaped and happens bc children rewarded for correct speech and punished for incorrect speech
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Bandura
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Nurture theorist who said we learn language through observation, imitation
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Language acquisition device (LAD)
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innate knowledge of grammar that all humans possess
• Allows children to infer rules of speech from just hearing speech and then use rules to produce new complex speech |
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Chomsky
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Theorist that we're biologically programmed to learn language and that as long as we are exposed to language we will learn it
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Sensitive period hypothesis
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suggests that brains before puberty are specially prepared to learn language
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o Easy temperament
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40%.
• High positive affect • Adaptable to new experiences (change nap time, new food, new place) • Easy to soothe • Rhythmic • Low distress – not irritable/distressed |
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o Difficult temperament
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10%
• Low positive affect – don’t smile/interact, not happy • High irritable distress • Very active (when mad – scream, temper tantrum) • Irregular eating/sleeping habits • Hard to soothe |
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Slow to warm up temperament
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15%
• High levels of fearful distress – timid/cautious • Low activity level ( when upset, not as dramatic) – can be upset/mad but you don’t know it • Slow to adapt to new experiences, but can eventually if given time |
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imprinting
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innate form of learning in which young animal will follow and become attached to a moving object.
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human imprinting
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critical period during first 8-10 hours after birth for bonding.
-Without this experience mothers will never bond as strongly with infants. |
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Synchronized routines
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harmonious interactions between people in which participants adjust behavior in response to partner’s feelings and behaviors.
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Development of Infant’s Attachment to Caregiver
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1. Asocial phase
2. Indiscriminate Attachments 3. Specific Attachments 4. Multiple Attachments |
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Asocial Phase
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(birth to 6 weeks)
Responsive to anything, social or not. |
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Phase of Indiscriminate Attachments
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(6 weeks to 6-7 months)
- At beginning, prefer social stimuli but aren’t picky. -By 3-6 months: some preferences for familiar people, but still happy to interact with strangers |
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Specific Attachments Phase
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(6-7 months to 9 months)
-Form first attachment - Sad/scared when attachment figure leaves, happy when she/he returns, crawl around to be near -Caregiving becomes "secure base" |
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Phase of Multiple Attachments
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(9-18 months)
-Within weeks will form other attachments -Likely to choose different attachment figures for different needs |
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separation anxiety
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fear when separated from attachment figure
This starts at 6-8 months, peaks @ 14-18 months, fades throughout preschool. Fear when removed from attachment figure. |
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strange situation method
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Method used to determine strength and quality of attachment involving child, parent and stranger interacting in different combinations. Look for secure base, relation to stranger, reaction to (post)separation
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Secure attachment
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65% of 1y.o. Parents are secure base, child is friendly to stranger with parent present and is upset with parent leaves. When P returns, child maintains contact until comfort, then explore
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Insecure-resistant
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10% of 1 y.o. This quality of attachment means nervousness, lack of trust, no secure base, child is scared of stranger with P present, distress when parent leaves, and ambivalence/resistance when P returns.
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Insecure-avoidant
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20% of 1 y.o. This quality of attachment means avoiding contact with P, varied response to strangers, lack of distress when parent leaves and/or returns
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Insecure-disorganized/disoriented
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5% of 1 y.o. with this quality of attachment. Don't know how to act. Combines anxious and avoidant reactions. Most insecure and most stressed of all qualities. When P returns, child with either avoid/resist or act confused/frightened
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personal agency
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An infants recognition that they can be the cause of an even. Means at 2-3 months the infant has sense of self.
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Erikison
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This theorist says main goal of adolescence is development of identity and that teens undergo ID crisis
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Marcia
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ID'ed 4 ID statuses based on level of commitment to aspect of ID and time experienced in that:
1.Identity diffusion 2.Identity moratorium 3.Identity foreclosure 4.Identity accomplishment |
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Identity Diffusion
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Not committed, not experienced
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Identity achievement
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Committed, experienced
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Identity moratorium
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Not committed, experienced
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Identity foreclosure
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Committed, Not experienced
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4 Factors that Influence ID dvpt
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1. cognitive development
2. relationships with parents 3. scholastic influences 4. Social/historical context |