Weiten Ch 12

Front 1

Archetypes

Back 1

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

Front 2

Behaviorism

Back 2

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

Front 3

Collective unconscious

Back 3

According to Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.

Front 4

Compensation

Back 4

According to Adler, efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.

Front 5

Conscious

Back 5

Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.

Front 6

Defense mechanisms

Back 6

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.

Front 7

Displacement

Back 7

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

Front 8

Ego

Back 8

According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.

Front 9

Extraverts

Back 9

People who tend to be interested in the external world of people and things.

Front 10

Factor analysis

Back 10

Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables.

Front 11

Fixation

Back 11

According to Freud, failure to move forward from one psychosexual stage to another as expected.

Front 12

Hierarchy of needs

Back 12

Maslow's systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, which assumes that basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.

Front 13

Hindsight bias

Back 13

The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.

Front 14

Humanism

Back 14

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

Front 15

Id

Back 15

According to Freud, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.

Front 16

Identification

Back 16

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

Front 17

Incongruence

Back 17

The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.

Front 18

Introverts

Back 18

People who tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

Front 19

Model

Back 19

A person whose behavior is observed by another.

Front 20

Need for self-actualization

Back 20

The need to fulfill one's potential.

Front 21

Observational learning

Back 21

A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Front 22

Oedipal complex

Back 22

According to Freud, children's manifestation of erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent.

Front 23

Personal unconscious

Back 23

According to Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.

Front 24

Personality

Back 24

An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits.

Front 25

Personality trait

Back 25

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Front 26

Phenomenological approach

Back 26

The assumption that one must appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior.

Front 27

Pleasure principle

Back 27

According to Freud, the principle upon which the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges.

Front 28

Preconscious

Back 28

According to Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved.

Front 29

Projection

Back 29

Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.

Front 30

Projective tests

Back 30

Psychological tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits.

Front 31

Psychodynamic theories

Back 31

All the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces.

Front 32

Psychosexual stages

Back 32

According to Freud, developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.

Front 33

Rationalization

Back 33

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

Front 34

Reaction formation

Back 34

Behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings.

Front 35

Reality principle

Back 35

According to Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.

Front 36

Reciprocal determinism

Back 36

The assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence each other.

Front 37

Regression

Back 37

A reversion to immature patterns of behavior.

Front 38

Repression

Back 38

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

Front 39

Self-actualizing persons

Back 39

People with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth.

Front 40

Self-concept

Back 40

A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.

Front 41

Self-efficacy

Back 41

One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.

Front 42

Self-esteem

Back 42

A person's overall assessment of her or his personal adequacy or worth.

Front 43

Self-monitoring

Back 43

The degree to which people attend to and control the impression they make on others in social interactions.

Front 44

Self-report inventories

Back 44

Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior.

Front 45

Sensation seeking

Back 45

A generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation.

Front 46

Striving for superiority

Back 46

According to Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges.

Front 47

Superego

Back 47

According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

Front 48

Unconscious

Back 48

According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.