Week Viii: Limbic System, Cortical Structure And Function

Front 1

List the cortical structures of the limbic system (3)

Back 1

Hippocampal Formation
Cingulate Gyrus
prefrontal and orbital cortex

Front 2

List the nuclear groups of the limbic system (6)

Back 2

1. amygdala
2. anterior nuclear group of thalamus
3. dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
4. septal nucleus
5. habenular nucleus
6. mamillary nucleus

Front 3

1. Where is the cingulum found?
2. What does it run between?
3. Is it uni or bi directional?

Back 3

1. Underneath the cingulate gyrus
2. Connects the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus
3. Bidirectional

Front 4

Once the parahippocampal gyrus receives input from the cingulum it sends out two fiber pathways. What are their names and where do they run?

Back 4

1. Lateral Perforant - to granule cells of dentate gyrus
2. Alvear (medial perforant) - pyramidal cells of hippocampus

Front 5

Axons of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus leave via the alveus to enter the _________.

Back 5

fornix

Front 6

The fornix runs to the _____________, which run to the septal nuclei and the anterior thalamic nucleus.

Back 6

mammillary bodies

Front 7

What type of fibers does the fornix carry from the septal nuclei back to the hypothalamus?
This is mediated via _______?

Back 7

cholinergic
via pyramidal cell dendrites

Front 8

Where does the mammillotegmental tract run?

Back 8

From the mammillary bodies to the reticular formation of the midbrain

Front 9

What are the four parts of the hippocampal formation?

Back 9

1. Parahippocampal gyrus
2. subiculum
3. hippocampal gyrus
4. dentate gyrus

Front 10

How many cell layers are in the dentate nucleus?

Back 10

3 layers

Front 11

What are the three efferent pathways of the hippocampus?

Back 11

1. pyramidal cells send to alveus and enter the FORNIX
2. pyramidal cells send to subiculum and parahippocampal gyrus
3. subiculum to parahippocampal gyrus and alveus (then to fornix)

Front 12

Outflow via the fornix goes to the ________ and ________.
What happens after that?

Back 12

hypothalamus and septal nuclei
* Hypothalamus sends fibers to RF, which in turn sends them back to hippocampus.
*Septal nuclei project cholinergic fibers back to the hypothalamus.

Front 13

Where does outflow of the parahippocampal gyrus go?

Back 13

to the cingulate gyrus and it's associated cortices (periorbital and prefrontal)

Front 14

The _________ is found directly under the uncus.

Back 14

amygdala

Front 15

One major outflow pathway from the amygdala is the _________.It runs to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, preoptic and anterior hypothalamus, caudate and putamen.

Back 15

Stria Terminalis

Front 16

Which portion of the thalamus has reciprocal connections with the amygdala?
Where else does this structure project?

Back 16

dorsomedial nucleus; also projects to prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices.

Front 17

What are the three major pathways out of the limbic brain?

Back 17

1. mammillotegmental tract
2. MFB
3. habenulo-interpenducular tract

Front 18

What are the behavioral changes observed in Kluver-Bucy syndrome? (5)

Back 18

1. tame
2. oral exploration
3. hyperphagic
4. hypersexual
5. lack fear

Front 19

What type of memory involves the hippocampus?

Back 19

recent memory (aquisition of new skills and facts)

Front 20

The neocorticex-hippocampus-neocortex loop is essential for ?

Back 20

long term memory consolidation

Front 21

Amygdala neurons have a very low seizure threshold. A seizure starting in the amygdala can be benign or ___________?

Back 21

antisocial (often results in murder or other violent activities). As it is an ictal event the individual has no memory of the incident

Front 22

What are the two general pleasure centers in the brain?

Back 22

septal nuclei
lateral hypothalamus

Front 23

Which limbic system structures (2) are responsible for attaching emotional quality or meaning to sensory signals?

Back 23

Cingulate Gyrus (Cingulum)
amygdala

Front 24

Which limbic structure is responsible for "regulating" personality or awareness of self and maintaining social behavior?

Back 24

frontal cortex

Front 25

Why is the connection between the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and the frontal lobe clinically important?

Back 25

This loop is often surgically cut to prevent seizures (frontal lobotomy). Once cut patients presented with other problems such as indifference and micturating in "any old place"

Front 26

A process by which new information is aquired by the nervous system is known as _________________.

Back 26

learning

Front 27

A process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved is known as ______________.

Back 27

memory

Front 28

__________is the process of losing access to stored information, which may be related to either ______________ or _______________.

Back 28

forgetting
recall or retention

Front 29

___________ is a pathologic condition in which memory formation, retention or recall is disrupted.

Back 29

amnesia

Front 30

__________ involves distinctly attending to incoming sensory information and making associations with previously learned information.

Back 30

Encoding

Front 31

______________ is making information available for storage; transferring from short to long term memory

Back 31

consolidation

Front 32

_____________ is the physiological processes and brain locations involved in maintaining memory.

Back 32

Storage

Front 33

What are the two types of human memory? Give an example of each.

Back 33

Declarative (conscious)
- studing for this exam
Procedural (unconscious)
- riding a bike

Front 34

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

Back 34

anterograde amnesia is an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia is inability to retrieve long term memories

Front 35

The ________________ is a mechanism of short term energy storage. it involves a stimulus that is continuously propagated within a loop of neurons.

Back 35

reverberating circuit

Front 36

Neural plasticity is a mechanism of __________ storage. What two mechanisms explain this?

Back 36

long term
1. change in the efficacy of neurotransmission
2. change in growth or re-ordering of contacts

Front 37

Define long term potentiation

Back 37

a model for long term memory storage. certain patterns of synaptic activity can produce long lasting changes in synaptic strength.

Front 38

What is the contribution of the amygdala to memory?

Back 38

it contributes an emotional component to memory BUT DOES NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE STORAGE OF FACTS

Front 39

How would a bilateral lesion of the hippocampus effect memory?

Back 39

would result in profound anterograde amnesia

Front 40

What is the contribution of the hippocampus to memory?

Back 40

Plays a role in consolidation but not storage of new memories

Front 41

Which bilateral lesion is more profound in regards to anterograde amnesia: hippocampus or entorhinal complex?

Back 41

entorhinal complex

Front 42

Bilateral damage to ____________ results in an inability to form new memories or recall memories.

Back 42

diencephalon (thalamus, mammillary bodies)

Front 43

___________ is a term used to refer to a bodily state, whereas __________ refers to the conscious sensation of this state.

Back 43

emotion
feeling

Front 44

Define mood

Back 44

a sustained emotional state

Front 45

_________ refers to a person's immediate or momentary emotional state.

Back 45

affect (what we observe)

Front 46

What are the six universal emotions?

Back 46

Sadness
Happiness
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Suprise

Front 47

A volitional (fake) smile is known as a _________ smile, whereas an emotional smile is known as a _________ smile.

Back 47

pyramidal smile
Duchenne smile

Front 48

A left forebrain lesion results in emotional paralysis. Which type of smile would still be "normal?"

Back 48

Pyramidal Smile (the Duchenne smile is not symmetrical)

Front 49

Which limbic structure has neuroendocrine, autonomic and somatic motor control? (this is a huge influence)

Back 49

amygdala

Front 50

damage to the ___________ will result in impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions. What is odd about this lesion?

Back 50

amygdala
Can still recognize unique identity of faces

Front 51

Which limbic structure has been shown to atrophy in depression?

Back 51

hippocampus

Front 52

What do these structures have in common?
Striatum
Claustrum
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Hypothalamus

Back 52

Areas of the brain influenced by sexual arousal

Front 53

deficits in planning, lack of restraint, impulsiveness, hypersexuality and hyperactivity are all components of __________ syndrome.

Back 53

disinhibition syndrome

Front 54

Which hemisphere seems to be more important for the comprehension and expression of emotions?

Back 54

Right

Front 55

Which hemisphere is more involved with positive emotions?

Back 55

Left

Front 56

Patients with _________ hemisphere lesions are described as unduly cheerful. Patients with ____ hemisphere lesions have a higher incidence of depression

Back 56

Right
Left

Front 57

What is aprosody and what is a common cause?

Back 57

loss of emotional modulation of speech, often caused by damage to the right cortex.

Front 58

Define:
1. Witzelsucht
2. Moria

Back 58

1. pathological (addictive) telling of innapropriate jokes
2. silly, euphoric behavior