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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacology |
Three main concepts include: -Pharmacokinetics - what the body does to a drug -Pharmacodynamics - what the drugs does to the body - Pharmacotherapeutics - the use of drugs to prevent and treat disease |
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Drugs |
Can be named in different ways *Chemical name- scientific name that precisely describes the drugs atomic and molecular structure *Generic name- abbreviation of the chemical name or sometimes the ‘active’ ingredient * Trade name- also known as brand name selected by the drug company selling the product. It is protected by copyright |
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Topical skin drug administration |
*allows the drug to have a localised effect *delivers drug via skin or a mucous membrane Eg. Creams, ointments, gels Transdermal delivery- slow systematic release on the skin *patch containing medication is placed and is absorbed into the systemic circulation Eg. Glyceryl trinitrate |
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Oral administration |
- medication that is swallowed - only applicable to patients who are conscious and ability to swallow -buccally: in the pouch between cheek and teeth -sublingually: under the tongue -translingually: on the tongue |
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Drug administration through GI tract |
Rectal delivery: medication administered via rectum using suppository or liquid. Useful if patient is unconscious or unable to swallow eg. Panadol, diazepam Gastric tube types: (use of crushed/dissolved tablets) Nasogastric tubes- tube passed through nose to stomach Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes- tube passed into stomach through abdominal wall |
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Drug administration through lungs |
Inhalation of medication through the lungs via metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler or nebuliser For conditions of respiratory tract eg. Steroids, bronchodilators |
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Parental drug administration |
Injectable drugs that work fast and don’t rely on absorption May be administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal or by special infusion to a specific site |
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Radioactivity |
The spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable atom. • As a result of this emission, the radioactive atom is converted, or decays, into an atom of a different element that might or might not be radioactive. |
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Radioactive decay |
Occurs when an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation in form of either alpha, beta particles and/or gamma rays |
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Radioisotopes |
Unstable isotopes of elements that will decay by emitting radiation. Used in medical therapy, biology research etc |
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Ionising radiation |
Radiation that has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thus creating ions." • Its properties are used to generate electric power, to kill cancer cells, and in many manufacturing processes |
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Non-ionising radiation |
Non-ionizing radiation refers to radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons. Examples: sound waves, visible light, and microwaves." |
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Beta decay |
Involves emission of an electron from unstable nucleus producing an atom of a new element. A neutron in the unstable nucleus is converted to a proton and an electron. As a result, mass number of unstable atom is unchanged and atomic number increases by 1 eg. Radium- 228 undergoes beta decay. Mass number is unchanged and atomic number increases by 1 to 89 and the new element becomes actinium- 226 |
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Gamma decay |
Involves emission of electromagnetic waves from unstable atom. As only energy is lost (no mass) there is no change in mass number or atomic number. The element is unchanged apart from losing some energy |
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X-rays |
Form of electromagnetic radiation that can be produced when stream of high energy electrons hits a metal target. X-rays can be used to visualise internal structures of the body because it passes through less dense material more easily than dense material. There is limitation in usefulness. X-rays are 2 dimensional and often body structures are obscured by other body structures. As a result, X-ray investigations often require multiple exposures from different angles |
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Half life |
The period of time in which half of a radioactive substance decays |
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Physical half life |
Physical half life of isotope is defined as length of time taken for half of existing nucleus to decay |
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Biological half life |
Time taken for the amount of a specific radioisotope that has entered the body to be reduced by half due to biological processes, whether or not isotope has decayed. |
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Effective half life |
Combines these two concepts and is defined as time taken for a specific radioisotope to reduce to half its original value due to physical and biological decay. Takes into account both physical half life and biological half life. |
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Radiation protection |
1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding Use of lead aprons and mobile shields |
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Effects of ionising radiation |
Ionising radiation can penetrate tissues and alter nuclear material eg disrupting cell growth and reproduction. It damages human cells by apoptosis, high energy rays hit the molecule and cause it to break up. This can further cause free radicals and more damage inside the cell. ADVANTAGE can target at cancer cells and treat malginancies.- healthy cells can recover |
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Treatment of disease with ionising radiation |
to treat cancer as a stand alone treatment to shrink a tumour before surgery to reduce a cancer returning after surgery to control symptoms or reduce pain to reduce growth of cell (graves disease) |
