Week 8 Immuno 2 Plfsom Jr

Front 1

Type 2 hypersensitivity

Back 1

Antibody-mediated (usually IgG1/IgG3, NOT IgE)

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Frustrated Phagocytosis and tissue damage

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When an object is too large to be phagocytosed, the macrophage begins unloading its weapons on it, causing damage to the tissue around it

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autoantigen

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self antigen

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autoantibody

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self reactive

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Phagocytes are recruited by

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C5a, c3a

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phagocytes are activated by

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by antibody binding to FcyR1, or C3b to CR1

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myasthenia gravis

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autoantibody to acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells. Leads to PARALYSIS

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Transfusion Reaction

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Patient's antibody reacts with antigens on transfused red blood cells

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Type 2 hypersensitivity (2)

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antigen is integral part of effected cells/tissue

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Type 3 hypersensitivity

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immune-complex-mediated: complexes of antigen/antibody/often + complement

Front 11

When do immune complexers form?

Back 11

during recovery from an infection

Front 12

If not efficiently removed from circulation, what happens to immune complexes?

Back 12

become trapped in the kidney, blood vessels, skin

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How does Type 3 lead to tissue injury?

Back 13

phagocytes are recruited/activated to take care of them.

Front 14

Your pateitn has tissume damage caused by an IgG autoantibody to desmosomes in the skin, what kind of response is this?

Back 14

Type 2

Front 15

Poststreptococcal nephritis

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kidney damage caused by phagocytes reaction to immune complexes (strep antigens/anti-strep antibodies/complement)

Front 16

Autoimmune disease: Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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damage to kidneys (other organs too) caused by phagocytes' reaction to immune complexes (DNA/anti-DNA antibodies/complement)

Front 17

Primary antibody response

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few naïve cells are present that can bind/be activated by the antigen (response generates memory cells)

Front 18

Secondary Antibody response

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from start, memory cells are present that can bind/be activated by the antigen. Response is bigger, quicker, usually not IgM, Higher average affinity for antigen

Front 19

Why higher affinity for antigen?

Front 20

____ affinity antibody is secreted early in an initial response

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low

Front 21

Where are Follicular dendritic cells found?

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only in the germinal centers of lymphoid tissue

Front 22

Where are FDCs born?

Back 22

we don’t know

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Do FDCs express PRRs?

Back 23

No

Front 24

Do FDCs internalize antigens or express MHC-2 or produce IL-12?

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No

Front 25

FDCs grab'hold immune complexes using ________

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Fc and complement receptors (FcyR1, CR1, CR2)

Front 26

Late in any response, FDCs are the last cells that________

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still have antigen bound to them

Front 27

B cells survival in germinal center and FDCs

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B cells in germinal center must outcompete each other to bind antigen on FDCs in order to survive

Front 28

To gain competitive advantage, germinal center B cells undergo ________

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somatic hypermutation

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Somatic hypermutation

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AID (Activation Induced Deaminase) helps introduce point mutations in V regions of heavy/light chains of BCR

Front 30

B cell affiliation with FDCs in somatic hypermutation

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B cells with mutation that improve affinity for antigen grab antigens from FDCs, process/present MHC2:peptide complexes to TH cells in germinal center, and fifferentiate into either memory cells or plasma cells, that will secrete high affinity antibody

Front 31

Memory cells, somatic hypermutation, and secondary responses

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memory cells quickly reactivate and produce high affinity antibody (these reactivated cells undergo ANOTHER ROUND of somatic recombination so that antibody affinity in tertiary response is even higher)

Front 32

Follicular B cells

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responsible for T-dependent (high affinity, isotype switched) antibody responses, populate lymphoid follicles

Front 33

Marginal Zone B cells

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Responsible for T-independent antibody responses (low affinity IgM antibodies to blood-borne, non-protein antigens), populate marginal zones in WHITE PULP OF SPLEEN

Front 34

Blood borne antigens are trapped by macrophages in the _______ of the spleen

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white pulp

Front 35

Splenic arterioles are surrounded by _______

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PeriArterial Lymphoid Sheaths of T cells (PALS)

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B cell follicles lie near _____

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PALS

Front 37

Marginal zone is "Structure" unique to ______

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spleen

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Marginal zone B cells produce ________

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T-independent antibodies

Front 39

T-independent antigens

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non-protein antigens with repeating structures (multiple identical antigenic epitopes on each molecule)

Front 40

examples of T-independent antigens

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polysaccharides, lipids, DNA

Front 41

T-independent ntigen binding BCRs on a splenic marginal zone B cell

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When T-inde antigens bind/cross link with enough BCRs on a splenic marginal zone B cell, B cell is activated/matures into antibody-secreting plasma cell (WITHOUT T CELL HELP!!!!!!!!!)

Front 42

T-dep vs T-inde: nature of antigen

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protein v polysaccharide

Front 43

T-dep vs T-inde: isotype of antibody

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switched v only IgM

Front 44

T-dep vs T-inde: affinity of antibody

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High v Low

Front 45

T-dep vs T-inde: lymphoid organs

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Lymphoid Follicles v Splenic Marginal Zones

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T-dep vs T-inde: memory

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Yes v NO

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Are T-inde antibody responses well developed in infants?

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No

Front 48

Are polysaccharide vaccines used in infants?

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No!

Front 49

How are polysaccharide antigens given to children?

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conjugated to proetin

Front 50

What does conjugation with a protein do?

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TURNS T-INDEPENDENT antigen into T-DEPENDENT ANTIGEN

Front 51

Hapten

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small chemical capable of binding to antibody, but incapable of eliciting antibody response

Front 52

What happens when hapten is attached to a larger molecule?

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antibody response specific for hapten occurs

Front 53

example of hapten?

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poison ivy

Front 54

Hapten is presented on MHC1 or MHC2 on B cells?

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MHC 2

Front 55

Immunization with polysaccharide conjugated to a carrier protein is used to stimulate a polysaccharide-specific __________ antibody response

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T-dependent

Front 56

In T-dependent antibody response, B cells present peptides from the carrier protein, but makes antibody specific to the ______

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polysaccharides, lipids, DNA

Front 57

Vaccines with attenuated viruses, viral vectors of DNA, can stimulate ______ responses

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Both cell-mediated (including CTLs) and antibody responses

Front 58

Vaccines with only proteins or polysaccharides stimulate mainly only_______ responses

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antibody responses

Front 59

Recombinant proteins are called ______ vaccines.

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synthetic vaccines

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Parts of microbes are called _______ vaccines

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subunit vaccines

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toxoid vaccines

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subunit vaccines that are inactivated toxins (formalin treated)

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Tetanus vaccine type

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toxoid

Front 63

DTaP is a ______ vaccine

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subunit (two toxoids and a pertussis protein)

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adjuvant

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a substance distinct from the antigen that enhances T cell activation by promoting accumulation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the antigen site, and expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines by APCs

Front 65

What is the classic human vaccine adjuvant?

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Alum (aluminum salts)

Front 66

Alum is an irritant, and as such causes ______

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leukocyte recruitment

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Adjuvant and killed or attenuated microbial vaccines

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not necessary, microbe is recognized without it

Front 68

monoclonal antibodies

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From one original B cell

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"

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B cell from immunized mouse (antigen X) is fused with malignant plasma cell to create “hybrid”oma cell

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Hybridoma cells live indefinitely in culture producing exact same anti-X antibody as original B cell

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This antibody is monoclonal. Heavy and light chains of each antibody molecule are completely identical

Front 73

Monoclonal antibodies are used therapeutically/diagnostically

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Polyclonal Antibodies

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from several original B cells

Front 75

Any antigen will have several epitopes (antigenic sites or determinants)

Front 76

In “normal response” there will always be more than one naïve B cell that can bind the antigen

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All normal immune responses are polyclonal!

Front 78

Multiple myeloma:

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malignant clone of plasma cells; produce monoclonal antibody; diagnostic!

Front 79

What type of hypersensitivity is a TB skin test

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Type 4

Front 80

T cell Dependent B cell activation

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CD40 ligand on T cell, CD40 receptor on B cell,

Front 81

Why the better response to the old DTP vaccine?

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Stimulated the innate immune system also

Front 82

Recombinant proteins are

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proteins that have been synthesized

Front 83

Does vaccination produce the same response as natural infection?

Back 83

NO

Front 84

Are vaccines monoclonal or polyclonal?

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Polyclonal

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Your response to any antigen will be ________

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polyclonal!!!