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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Moderator band |
Strip of tissue made of endocarditis , located in the RV, transversely. May have something to do with overstretch protection. |
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Cardiac cycle |
Contraction and relaxation is completely dependent on accessory structures. Each heard chamber has to events: Systole Diastole |
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Systole |
Contraction of chamber, pushes blood forward. |
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Diastole |
Relaxation of chamber, fills with blood. |
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2 rules in Systole and diastole. |
1. When atria undergo systole, ventricles undergo diastole. 2. When atria undergo diastole, ventricles undergo systole. |
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Cardiac cycle: |
1. The SA node fires in response to the filling of blood in the R+L atria. Stretching of the filling atria initiate the firing of the SA node. 2. SA node sends nerve impulse through internodal pathway of atrial septum. 3. Nerve impulse travelling through internodal pathway stimulates adjacent cardiac muscle cells. The intercalated disks of each muscle fiber of the atria quickly pick up nerve stimulus. 4. The walls of the atria contract, at the same time, the nerve impulse of the internodal pathway reaches the AV node. 5. At the AV node, the impulse is delayed. The walls of the atria complete their contraction pushing blood into ventricles. 6. As the ventricular walls stretch, the nerve impulse travels past the AV nose and down through ventricular septum through bundle of His. Atrioventricular valves snap closed. 7. As nerve impulse travels through bundle of His, it stimulates adjacent muscle cells closest to ventricular to ventricular septum. Intercalated disks of all the muscle cells of the ventricles will help cells of the ventricles contract simultaneously. 8. For additional contraction strength, nerve impulse will travel from bundle of His up through the Perkinje fibers, this will also help cells furthest away from the septum to contract at the same time. 9. Both R+L ventricles contract, pushing blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta. 10. Immediately after ventricles contract, semilunar valves snap shut. |
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"Lub dub" |
Lub- closing of the AV valves. Dub- closing of the semilunar valves snap shut, more pressure, so it's louder. |
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EKG |
Electrocardiogram. Electrical activity of the heart. |
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P-wave |
Contraction of the atrium. |
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QRS |
Big spike, reading of ventricles contracting. |
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T-Wave |
Relaxation of the ventricles. |
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PVC |
Premature ventricular contractions. Ventricles contract too earlu. Common with extensive abdominal surgery, but you don't want it to progress. |
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Contractility |
The ability for the heart to pump hard enough so that blood reaches tissues sufficiently. |
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Heart rate |
How many times the heart beats per minute. |
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Stroke volume |
Amount of blood ejected from heart in every heart beat. |
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Cardiac output |
Specifically the amount of blood ejected from LV. |
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3 types of blood pressure |
Systolic Diastolic MAP (mean arterial pressure) |
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Sphygmomanometer |
Guage that determines pressure. |
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Doppler |
Sound device that allows you to hear sound of the heart. Has a crystal that you put against the artery. |
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Cuff |
Inflatable device that wraps around back leg (in an animal). The idea is to be farthest away from the heart. |
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How to take blood pressure in an animal |
•Have equipment completely ready, less time spent with animal, higher chance of getting what you need. •Determine cuff size. •Find quietest setting possible, less stress/noise the easier it is to hear the doppler. •Cuff snugly around leg, no gaps, but not too tight. •Inflate cuff until you no longer hear heartbeat. •Slowly release valve at steady rate until you very first hear heart beat again. |
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What to record when doing blood pressure. |
-Position of animal (side=better) -Stress level. -Cuff size. -What leg cuff was on. -Avg. of 5 readings is the recorded # |
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Blood pressure (BP) |
Amount of exertion of blood against lumen artery walls. |
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Systolic BP |
Amount of exertion on the artery in response to LV contraction. |
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Diastolic BP |
Exertion of blood in artery lumen |
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Pressure pulse |
Systolic BP minus diastolic BP. |
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MAP |
Pressure of all arteries in the body. Systolicmm÷diastolicmm |
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Coronary circulation |
Blood flow through the heart tissues. |
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At the base of the Ascending aorta, 2 major arteries: |
Right coronary artery Left coronary artery |
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Coronary circulation |
1. Oxi blood moves up from LV into aorta. 2. Some blood from aorta travels into R+L coronary arteries. 3. Coronary arteries travel into myocardium and taper into smaller arterioles. 4. Capillaries go to coronary venules. 5. Coronary venules go to coronary veins. 6. Coronary veins bring blood into the coronary sinus. 7. Coronary sinus delivers blood into RA of heart. |
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Coronary sinus |
A large vein that wraps around the heart surface, has its own port into the right atrium. |
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Portal circulation |
Circulation of blood through the liver. When you ingest something, how long it takes to be metabolized. |
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How many minutes does it take for something you ingest to enter the blood stream? |
Approx. 20-30 minutes |
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How many major vessels does the liver have? |
3 -Hepatic artery -Hepatic vein -Portal hepatic vein |
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Hepatic artery |
Branch of the celiac trunk, delivers oxigenated blood to the liver tissues. |
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Hepatic vein |
Takes deoxygenated blood away from liver and to the vena cava. |
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Hepatic portal vein |
Delivers deoxygenated blood (dirty blood) to the liver. |
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Mesenteric arteries |
Delivers oxygenated blood to the walls of the small intestine. Once they taper into mesenteric capillaries we get an O2 delivery to intestinal wall and CO2 goes into capillaries and carried out by veins. |
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Dirty blood |
Blood from the intestinal capillaries that have water, nutrients, toxins and CO2 in it. |
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What does the liver do with dirty blood? |
Breaks toxins down and converts them to bile. |
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Fetal circulation |
Based on the fact that the fetus has "no lungs" (not able to breathe) |
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Placenta |
A sac around the fetus that's attached to the uterine wall. The wall is very vascular. |
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Endometrial arteries |
Arteries in the inner lining of the uterus, carries oxygenated blood |
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Endometrial veins |
Carries deox blood |
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What can we consider the fetus to be? |
Like an organ. Arteries and veins carry blood from the heart to the fetus, and back. |
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Umbilical cord |
1 large vein, 2 smaller arteries. |
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What's important to remember about the umbilical vein and arteries? |
Veins carry oxygenated blood, arteries carry deoxygenated blood. |
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Ductus venosus |
A shunt from the umbilical vein to the vena cava of the fetus. |
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Foramen ovale |
Shunt between the R atrium and L atrium. |
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Ductus arteriosis |
Shunt from pulmonary trunk to the aorta. |
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Fetal circulation |
1. Blood from endometrial arteries of mother pushes water, O2, and nutrients to the placental capillaries of the fetus. 2. Blood from placental capillaries is going to enter the umbilical vein. 3. Blood from umbilical vein is going to move in two directions. Some goes to fetal vena cava and some goes through ductus venosus. 4. Blood from ductus venosus goes to fetal portal vein, which goes to liver. Blood from umbilical cord to vena cava goes to RA of heart. 5. Blood in RA goes to two places. Either down into the RV or to LA through foramen ovale. 6. Blood in RV will go to pulmonary artery and out to underdeveloped fetal lung tissue (small amounts). Blood in LA travels down into LV. 7. Blood from pulmonary artery is also going to aorta through a shunt called ductus arteriosis. 8. Blood from LV hoes into aorta 9. From aorta, blood goes to fetal tissues. As blood reaches caudal end of aorta, it goes into two vessels called umbilical arteries. It travels back to placenta. Once in placenta, fetus gets rid of CO2, toxins and sends it to mother's circulation. |
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What does the foramen ovale become? |
Fossa ovalis. There will always be an indentation where the hole was. |
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What happens to the ductus arteriosus? |
It closes to become the ligamentum arteriosum. |
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What does the ductus venosus become? |
The ligamentum venosum. |
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What does the umbilical vein become? |
The ligamentum teres. |
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What do the umbilical arteries become? |
Medial umbilical ligaments. |
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Lymphatic system |
Lymphatic system follows cardiovascular system , plays huge role in immune system. Plays role in controlling the interstitial fluid. Acts as a transport system for various substances through the body (lymph [plasma]). |
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Where is the beginning of the lymphatic system? |
Always begins at capillary beds. |
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Lymph |
Fluid, plasma that's been pushed out of circulatory system. Contains important factors for the immune system. |
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Lymphatic capillaries |
Open straws, the start of the lymph system |
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Lymphatic vessels |
Vessels that the capillaries dump the lymph into. |
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Lymph nodes |
Little bean like structures that are a cleansing station for the lymph studded throughout vessels. Contains various cells to help detoxify lymph. |
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Lymph ducts |
Very large lymphatic vessels. All vessels dump their lymph into this. Lymph ducts empty their lymph back into the circulatory system. |
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Cisterna chyli |
A pouch in the caudal abdomen that acts as a lymph Reservoir. |
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Afferent/efferent |
Two words lymph node / away from lymph node. Only applies close to the lymph nodes. |
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How do lymphatic vessels work? |
They work a lot like veins. Lymph moves in one direction so lymph vessels rely on surrounding skeletal movement for it to travel. Also has valves. |
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Two lymphatic ducts: |
Right lymphatic duct. Left lymphatic duct (AKA thoracic duct). |
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What does the right lymphatic duct do? |
Collects lymph from the right side of the head, right forelimb, and right side of the chest. |
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Left lymphatic duct |
Larger. Collects lymph from the rest of the body , left side of the head, left forelimb, torso, and back legs. 3/4 of the lymph empties into this. |
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The two places that people think the left and right lymph ducts empty back into. |
The subclavian ventricle. The brachycephalic ventricle. |
